Motor kW, current, efficiency and power factor: keep the quantities straight
A three-phase example distinguishes shaft output, real input power, apparent power and running current, with the limits of a simple estimate.
Harmonics
Distortion from nonlinear loads.
Multiples of mains frequency injected by VFDs, rectifiers, and switch-mode supplies. Cause overheated neutrals and transformers, nuisance trips, and utility penalties; mitigated with reactors, filters, and active-front-end drives.
See also: VFD · Line reactor
Use the concept: Industrial energy cost calculator · Motor running current calculator · MTBF, MTTR & availability calculator
In depth
Hazardous area classification, explained
Zones, divisions, gas groups and temperature classes decide which equipment may sit in a classified area. IP and NEMA ratings answer a different question.
PLC FAT and SAT checklist: test behavior and handover evidence
Plan factory and site acceptance around requirements, observable results, failure states, approved changes and recoverable project files.