{
 "updated": "2026-10-31",
 "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
 "terms": [
  {
   "term": "4\u201320 mA current loop",
   "slug": "4-20ma-loop",
   "short": "Analog signaling standard.",
   "long": "Two-wire analog standard: 4 mA = 0%, 20 mA = 100%, with 0 mA indicating a broken wire (live zero). Immune to voltage drop over long runs; the default field signal for transmitters and valves.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/4-20ma-loop/",
   "see": [
    "hart-protocol",
    "plc"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "plc",
    "process-automation",
    "industrial-hardware"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "800xA (ABB)",
   "slug": "abb-800xa",
   "short": "ABB's flagship distributed control system.",
   "long": "ABB's flagship DCS (System 800xA): redundant AC 800M controllers, unified operations workplace, batch, historian, asset optimization, and SIL-rated safety options for large process plants.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/abb-800xa/",
   "see": [
    "dcs",
    "freelance"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "dcs"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "AGV",
   "slug": "agv",
   "short": "Vehicle that follows fixed paths via floor tape, wire, or reflectors.",
   "long": "An AGV (automated guided vehicle) follows fixed guidance infrastructure such as magnetic tape, buried wire, or reflectors. Compare with AMRs, which navigate autonomously.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/agv/",
   "see": [
    "amr",
    "robotics"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "amr-agv"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Alarm management",
   "slug": "alarm-management",
   "short": "Lifecycle discipline for useful, actionable process alarms.",
   "long": "The disciplined lifecycle for alarms: rationalize each alarm, set priority and limits, design the response, monitor nuisance rates, and manage changes. ISA-18.2 and IEC 62682 provide the main guidance.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/alarm-management/",
   "see": [
    "isa-18-2",
    "scada",
    "hmi"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "scada"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "AMR",
   "slug": "amr",
   "short": "Mobile robot that plans its own paths using onboard sensing.",
   "long": "An AMR (autonomous mobile robot) navigates with onboard sensing \u2014 typically lidar SLAM plus safety scanners \u2014 planning its own paths around obstacles. Fleet software assigns goals and traffic rules. Compare with AGVs, which follow fixed infrastructure.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/amr/",
   "see": [
    "agv",
    "ros"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "amr-agv"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Andon system",
   "slug": "andon-system",
   "short": "Visual signal for production status and immediate help.",
   "long": "A visual or electronic production signal that shows line status and calls for help when a quality, material, or equipment problem needs attention. The goal is fast response and problem visibility, not merely a status light.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/andon-system/",
   "see": [
    "oee",
    "takt-time"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Anti-reset windup",
   "slug": "anti-reset-windup",
   "short": "Stops integral buildup at limits.",
   "long": "Protection that freezes or back-calculates the integral term while the output is saturated or the loop is in manual, so the controller resumes smoothly instead of overshooting.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/anti-reset-windup/",
   "see": [
    "pid-loop"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "plc",
    "process-automation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Asset performance management (APM)",
   "slug": "asset-performance-management",
   "short": "Reliability and lifecycle strategy for industrial assets.",
   "long": "Asset performance management (APM) combines asset criticality, reliability, condition data, maintenance strategy, and operating context to improve uptime, risk, and lifecycle cost. It is broader than a CMMS work-order system.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/asset-performance-management/",
   "see": [
    "cmms",
    "condition-monitoring",
    "predictive-maintenance"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "factory-software"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "AutomationML",
   "slug": "automationml",
   "short": "Vendor-neutral plant engineering data exchange format.",
   "long": "An open data format for exchanging plant engineering data \u2014 topology, geometry, logic, behavior \u2014 between different vendors' tools across the plant lifecycle.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/automationml/",
   "see": [
    "digital-twin",
    "mes"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "digital-twin"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "B2MML",
   "slug": "b2mml",
   "short": "ISA-95 XML schemas for ERP-to-MES information exchange.",
   "long": "Business To Manufacturing Markup Language: XML schemas that implement ISA-95 information models for exchanging schedules, definitions, production capability, performance, and other ERP-to-MES data.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/b2mml/",
   "see": [
    "isa-95",
    "mes-integration"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "mes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Batch process",
   "slug": "batch-process",
   "short": "Production in discrete recipe-driven quantities.",
   "long": "Production in discrete quantities (batches, lots) following a recipe: mixing, reacting, filling. ISA-88 standardizes batch control models and terminology.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/batch-process/",
   "see": [
    "isa-88",
    "continuous-process"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "process-automation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Birth certificate (Sparkplug)",
   "slug": "birth-certificate",
   "short": "Sparkplug self-description published on connect; death certificate on disconnect.",
   "long": "In Sparkplug B, the NBIRTH/DBIRTH messages an edge node or device publishes on connect, listing every metric it will send with datatypes and current values. Paired with death certificates (NDEATH/DDEATH) published by the broker if the session drops, they give the system state awareness without polling.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/birth-certificate/",
   "see": [
    "sparkplug-b",
    "mqtt",
    "store-and-forward"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "sparkplug-b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Bottleneck",
   "slug": "bottleneck",
   "short": "The operation or shared resource that limits effective throughput under the actual production conditions.",
   "long": "A bottleneck is a capacity constraint at a defined system boundary. Compare effective rates after downtime, yield, shared resources and product mix. A queue alone is evidence to investigate, not proof: downstream blocking and upstream starvation can change the apparent constraint. See the [line-balancing guide](/articles/line-balancing-bottleneck-capacity/) and [capacity calculator](/tools/production-capacity-calculator/).",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/bottleneck/",
   "see": [
    "cycle-time",
    "takt-time"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing",
    "mes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Brownfield",
   "slug": "brownfield",
   "short": "Existing plant or system that new tech must integrate with.",
   "long": "An existing facility or system that new technology must integrate with \u2014 legacy controllers, undocumented networks, running production. The opposite of greenfield (new build). Most industrial digitalization is brownfield work.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/brownfield/",
   "see": [
    "edge-gateway",
    "modbus"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "CAN bus",
   "slug": "can-bus",
   "short": "Robust multi-master serial bus used inside machines and devices.",
   "long": "Controller Area Network: a message-oriented, multi-master serial bus with arbitration by message identifier, strong error detection, and short frames. It is common inside machines, vehicles, drives, and embedded controllers.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/can-bus/",
   "see": [
    "canopen",
    "fieldbus"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "industrial-networking"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "CANopen",
   "slug": "canopen",
   "short": "CAN-based device and motion-control protocol.",
   "long": "An application-layer protocol and device profile family built on CAN, with standardized object dictionaries, process data objects, service data objects, and network management. It is used for drives, I/O, encoders, and embedded automation.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/canopen/",
   "see": [
    "can-bus",
    "motion-control"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "industrial-networking"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Cascade control",
   "slug": "cascade-control",
   "short": "Nested loops: master sets slave SP.",
   "long": "Two loops in series: the primary (master) loop writes the setpoint of the faster secondary (slave) loop. Rejects inner disturbances early; common in temperature-with-flow and level-with-flow schemes.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/cascade-control/",
   "see": [
    "pid-loop",
    "control-loop"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "process-automation",
    "plc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Changeover",
   "slug": "changeover",
   "short": "Switching a line or machine from one product to another.",
   "long": "The work and elapsed time required to switch a line, machine, recipe, tooling setup, or materials from one product to another. Shorter, repeatable changeovers increase available capacity and flexibility.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/changeover/",
   "see": [
    "oee",
    "takt-time",
    "recipe-management"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "CIP",
   "slug": "cip",
   "short": "Object-based application layer behind EtherNet/IP and DeviceNet.",
   "long": "The Common Industrial Protocol: the object-based application layer shared by EtherNet/IP, DeviceNet, CompoNet, and ControlNet. Devices expose objects with attributes and services, giving multi-vendor consistency. Managed by ODVA.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/cip/",
   "see": [
    "ethernet-ip",
    "odva"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "ethernet-ip"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "CIP Safety",
   "slug": "cip-safety",
   "short": "Safety protocol extension for CIP networks.",
   "long": "ODVA's safety extension to the Common Industrial Protocol. It carries safety data over standard networks with mechanisms such as time expectations, sequence checks, and redundant validation so a safety function can achieve its required integrity.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/cip-safety/",
   "see": [
    "cip",
    "functional-safety",
    "ethernet-ip"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "ethernet-ip"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "CMMS",
   "slug": "cmms",
   "short": "Software for maintenance work orders, schedules, and asset history.",
   "long": "Computerized maintenance management system: work orders, preventive schedules, spare parts, and asset history. Where predictive maintenance predictions become scheduled work.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/cmms/",
   "see": [
    "oee",
    "mes"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "factory-software"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "CNC",
   "slug": "cnc",
   "short": "Programmed control of machine tools.",
   "long": "Computer numerical control: programmed motion of machine tools (mills, lathes, routers) from G-code. Data integration typically runs through MTConnect agents, OPC UA servers, or vendor APIs.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/cnc/",
   "see": [
    "mtconnect",
    "motion-control"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "cnc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Cobot",
   "slug": "cobot",
   "short": "Robot designed for fenceless work near people, with safety-rated limits.",
   "long": "Collaborative robot designed to work near people with force limiting, speed separation, or monitored stops per ISO/TS 15066. A cobot is not automatically safe \u2014 the full application needs a risk assessment.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/cobot/",
   "see": [
    "robotics",
    "functional-safety"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "robotics"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Companion specification",
   "slug": "companion-spec",
   "short": "Domain-specific OPC UA object model (machinery, robotics, instruments\u2026).",
   "long": "An OPC UA extension standardizing object models for a domain \u2014 machinery, robotics, process instruments (PA-DIM), machine tools (UMATI), and dozens more. Clients written against a companion spec interoperate with any compliant server.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/companion-spec/",
   "see": [
    "opc-ua",
    "information-model"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "opc-ua"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Compressor specific power",
   "slug": "specific-power",
   "short": "Electrical input power per unit of delivered free-air flow under specified operating and reference conditions.",
   "long": "A value in kW per m\u00b3/min can convert a matching free-air flow into an energy equivalent. Pressure, reference conditions and compressor operating mode must be consistent. Reducing demand does not guarantee proportional meter savings because unload and sequencing behavior matter. Try the [air leak calculator](/tools/compressed-air-leak-calculator/).",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/specific-power/",
   "see": [
    "free-air-delivery",
    "motor-efficiency"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "energy",
    "process-automation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Condition monitoring",
   "slug": "condition-monitoring",
   "short": "Tracking equipment health from physical condition signals.",
   "long": "Measuring asset condition over time using signals such as vibration, temperature, current, oil quality, or acoustic emissions. Trends and thresholds support maintenance decisions before functional failure.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/condition-monitoring/",
   "see": [
    "predictive-maintenance",
    "asset-performance-management",
    "vibration-monitoring"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "factory-software"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Continuous process",
   "slug": "continuous-process",
   "short": "Uninterrupted production (refining, chemical, power).",
   "long": "Production that runs without interruption \u2014 refining, chemicals, paper, power \u2014 where steady-state control, advanced process control, and uptime dominate. Typically DCS-controlled.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/continuous-process/",
   "see": [
    "batch-process",
    "dcs"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "process-automation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Contribution per unit",
   "slug": "contribution-margin",
   "short": "Selling price less the avoidable variable costs attributed to one additional good unit.",
   "long": "Use a consistent accounting boundary agreed with finance. Potentially lost units multiplied by contribution estimate economic exposure only when output and demand make that contribution recoverable. Fixed costs do not automatically become incremental incident costs. See the [downtime calculator](/tools/downtime-cost-calculator/) and [business-case guide](/articles/roi-automation-business-case/).",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/contribution-margin/",
   "see": [
    "bottleneck",
    "simple-payback"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing",
    "factory-software"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Control limits",
   "slug": "control-limits",
   "short": "Statistical boundaries calculated for a control chart under its chosen sampling model.",
   "long": "Control limits help detect variation inconsistent with the chart\u2019s modeled common-cause behavior. They are not product acceptance limits. Chart selection, rational subgrouping, independence and distribution assumptions affect their usefulness. Read the [SPC guide](/articles/spc-statistical-process-control-guide/) before interpreting a point beyond a limit or treating all points inside as proof of capability.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/control-limits/",
   "see": [
    "spc",
    "specification-limits",
    "rational-subgroup"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing",
    "industrial-ai"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Control loop",
   "slug": "control-loop",
   "short": "Feedback path from measurement to corrective action.",
   "long": "A feedback path that measures a process variable, compares it with a setpoint, and adjusts a final control element. A loop includes the sensor, controller, output device, process, and tuning; a PID algorithm is common but not required.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/control-loop/",
   "see": [
    "pid-loop",
    "dcs",
    "plc"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "process-automation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Cycle time",
   "slug": "cycle-time",
   "short": "Elapsed time to complete one repeatable production cycle.",
   "long": "The elapsed time to complete one repeatable operation or unit cycle, including processing and defined delays. It is a core input to capacity, takt comparison, performance loss, and OEE calculations.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/cycle-time/",
   "see": [
    "oee",
    "takt-time"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Data diode",
   "slug": "data-diode",
   "short": "Hardware-enforced one-way path for high-assurance segmentation.",
   "long": "A hardware-enforced one-way network device that permits data to flow from a higher-risk or lower-trust network to a receiving network while preventing return traffic. It is used where a firewall's bidirectional path is not acceptable.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/data-diode/",
   "see": [
    "zones-conduits",
    "dmz-industrial",
    "iec-62443"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "ot-security"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "DCS",
   "slug": "dcs",
   "short": "Integrated control platform for process industries.",
   "long": "A distributed control system spreads control across networked controllers while centralizing engineering, operations graphics, alarming, and history in one integrated environment. Dominant in continuous and large-batch process industries. Flagship examples include ABB 800xA, Emerson DeltaV, and Siemens PCS 7.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/dcs/",
   "see": [
    "plc",
    "scada",
    "freelance"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "dcs"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "DDS",
   "slug": "dds",
   "short": "Pub/sub middleware standard; the transport under ROS 2.",
   "long": "Data Distribution Service: a publish/subscribe middleware standard with rich QoS (reliability, deadlines, durability). ROS 2 uses DDS as its transport, and it appears in military, medical, and some industrial systems.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/dds/",
   "see": [
    "ros",
    "mqtt"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "robotics"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Deadband",
   "slug": "deadband",
   "short": "Error band with no control action.",
   "long": "Range around setpoint where the controller takes no action, preventing chatter on valves and contactors. Also used on HMI trends and alarm re-triggering.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/deadband/",
   "see": [
    "pid-loop",
    "hysteresis"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "plc",
    "process-automation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Deep packet inspection (DPI)",
   "slug": "deep-packet-inspection",
   "short": "Protocol-aware inspection of industrial network traffic.",
   "long": "Network inspection that understands protocol structure and, for industrial traffic, can identify commands, function codes, device roles, and malformed payloads rather than looking only at IP addresses and ports.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/deep-packet-inspection/",
   "see": [
    "industrial-firewall",
    "packet-capture",
    "zones-conduits"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "ot-security"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Determinism",
   "slug": "determinism",
   "short": "Bounded, guaranteed timing \u2014 the point of real-time networks.",
   "long": "The guarantee that communication or computation completes within a bounded time, every cycle. Distinct from speed: a deterministic 10 ms cycle beats a usually-fast-but-sometimes-100 ms one for control. Fieldbus protocols and TSN exist to provide it.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/determinism/",
   "see": [
    "tsn",
    "ethercat",
    "jitter"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "industrial-networking"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Digital twin",
   "slug": "digital-twin",
   "short": "Live virtual model of an asset or process, fed by real data.",
   "long": "A live virtual representation of a physical asset or process, fed by real data and used for monitoring, simulation, prediction, or optimization. Scope ranges from a single pump model to a full plant simulation. Value depends on data quality and a defined decision the twin improves.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/digital-twin/",
   "see": [
    "iiot",
    "automationml"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "digital-twin"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Discrete manufacturing",
   "slug": "discrete-manufacturing",
   "short": "Manufacturing distinct items on lines and cells.",
   "long": "Making distinct items \u2014 cars, electronics, packaged goods \u2014 as opposed to continuous flow. PLC- and robot-heavy, organized around lines, cells, takt time, and OEE.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/discrete-manufacturing/",
   "see": [
    "continuous-process",
    "oee"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Distributed clocks",
   "slug": "distributed-clocks",
   "short": "EtherCAT's sub-microsecond node synchronization mechanism.",
   "long": "EtherCAT's mechanism for synchronizing all nodes to sub-microsecond accuracy: the first slave's clock becomes the reference and propagation delays are measured and compensated. Enables tightly coordinated multi-axis motion.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/distributed-clocks/",
   "see": [
    "ethercat",
    "determinism"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "ethercat"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "DNP3",
   "slug": "dnp3",
   "short": "Utility SCADA protocol for telemetry, events, and control.",
   "long": "Distributed Network Protocol 3: a telemetry and control protocol widely used in electric utility, water, and infrastructure SCADA. It supports time-stamped events, unsolicited reporting, and secure-authentication extensions.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/dnp3/",
   "see": [
    "rtu",
    "scada"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "scada"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Edge gateway",
   "slug": "edge-gateway",
   "short": "Protocol-translating, buffering bridge between devices and platforms.",
   "long": "A device or software at the plant edge that translates protocols, buffers data through outages, adds context, and forwards to SCADA, brokers, or cloud. The standard answer to brownfield connectivity.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/edge-gateway/",
   "see": [
    "store-and-forward",
    "mqtt",
    "opc-ua"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "edge-computing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "EDS file",
   "slug": "eds-file",
   "short": "CIP/EtherNet/IP device description.",
   "long": "Electronic Data Sheet describing an EtherNet/IP (or DeviceNet) device's objects and I/O assemblies for Studio 5000 and third-party masters.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/eds-file/",
   "see": [
    "ethernet-ip",
    "cip"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "ethernet-ip",
    "industrial-networking"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Electronic batch record (EBR)",
   "slug": "electronic-batch-record",
   "short": "Digital, auditable record of an executed batch.",
   "long": "An electronic batch record (EBR) captures the executed recipe, materials, equipment, operators, process values, checks, exceptions, and approvals needed to prove how a batch was made. It supports review by exception and regulated traceability.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/electronic-batch-record/",
   "see": [
    "batch-process",
    "recipe-management",
    "mes"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "mes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Encoder",
   "slug": "encoder",
   "short": "Position/speed feedback device.",
   "long": "Sensor reporting shaft position: incremental (pulses from a datum, needs homing) or absolute (true position after power loss). Resolution, output type, and noise immunity drive selection.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/encoder/",
   "see": [
    "motion-control",
    "vfd"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "motion-control",
    "robotics"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "ERP",
   "slug": "erp",
   "short": "Business system for orders, inventory, and finance.",
   "long": "Enterprise resource planning: orders, inventory, procurement, finance \u2014 ISA-95 Level 4. Exchanges schedules and performance data with MES; owns business master data.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/erp/",
   "see": [
    "mes",
    "isa-95"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "mes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "EtherCAT",
   "slug": "ethercat",
   "short": "High-speed fieldbus with on-the-fly processing for motion.",
   "long": "An Ethernet fieldbus where one frame traverses every node, each reading and writing on the fly, with distributed clocks for synchronization. Sub-millisecond cycles for motion control, using dedicated slave chips and typically a PC-based master.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/ethercat/",
   "see": [
    "distributed-clocks",
    "profinet",
    "tsn"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "ethercat"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "EtherNet/IP",
   "slug": "ethernet-ip",
   "short": "CIP over standard Ethernet; Rockwell/ODVA ecosystem.",
   "long": "ODVA's industrial Ethernet protocol running CIP over standard TCP/IP and UDP. Dominant in North American discrete automation alongside Rockwell controllers. Uses DLR rings for redundancy and CIP Safety for functional safety.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/ethernet-ip/",
   "see": [
    "cip",
    "profinet",
    "odva"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "ethernet-ip"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Event frame",
   "slug": "event-frame",
   "short": "Time-bounded historian record that gives an event operational context.",
   "long": "A historian object that adds start time, end time, asset, and context to an event such as a batch, downtime, maintenance job, or alarm episode. Event frames turn raw time-series points into analyzable operational episodes.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/event-frame/",
   "see": [
    "historian",
    "oee",
    "mes"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "scada"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "External setup",
   "slug": "external-setup",
   "short": "Changeover preparation that can be performed while the previous production job is running.",
   "long": "Examples can include verified tool kitting or approved material staging when resources, space and process conditions allow. External work still takes effort and can interfere with the current job if poorly planned. Compare total work, elapsed changeover time and startup quality when assessing improvement. See the [SMED guide](/articles/smed-changeover-measurement/).",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/external-setup/",
   "see": [
    "internal-setup",
    "smed",
    "changeover"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Factory acceptance test (FAT)",
   "slug": "factory-acceptance-test",
   "short": "An agreed pre-delivery test of equipment or application behavior against specified requirements.",
   "long": "A FAT can use simulated I/O and test systems to establish behavior before installation. It does not prove installed field wiring or site conditions. Record preconditions, approved triggers, expected and actual results, exact revisions and evidence. Use the [FAT/SAT guide](/articles/plc-fat-sat-commissioning-checklist/) and [worksheet](/templates/fat-sat-checklist/).",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/factory-acceptance-test/",
   "see": [
    "site-acceptance-test",
    "plc"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "plc",
    "industrial-hardware",
    "scada"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Fail-safe",
   "slug": "fail-safe",
   "short": "Failure behavior that brings a process to its defined safe state.",
   "long": "A design that moves equipment to a defined safer state when power, signal, communications, or a component fails. The safe state is process-dependent: de-energize-to-trip is common, but not universally correct.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/fail-safe/",
   "see": [
    "functional-safety",
    "safety-relay",
    "safety-instrumented-function"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "plc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA)",
   "slug": "fmea",
   "short": "Structured analysis of failure modes, effects, and risk controls.",
   "long": "Failure Modes and Effects Analysis: a structured review of how a product, process, or asset can fail, what causes each failure, and how severe, likely, and detectable it is. Actions reduce risk before failures reach production.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/fmea/",
   "see": [
    "root-cause-analysis",
    "asset-performance-management"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "FDT / DTM",
   "slug": "fdt-dtm",
   "short": "Standard device configuration framework.",
   "long": "Field Device Tool with vendor Device Type Managers: one frame application configures HART, PROFIBUS, FOUNDATION fieldbus, and other instruments through a uniform interface.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/fdt-dtm/",
   "see": [
    "hart-protocol",
    "foundation-fieldbus"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "process-automation",
    "factory-software"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Feedforward control",
   "slug": "feedforward-control",
   "short": "Correct from measured disturbance.",
   "long": "Control that acts on a measured disturbance (feed rate, ambient temperature) before it upsets the process, usually combined with feedback trim. Needs a decent process model to avoid overcorrection.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/feedforward-control/",
   "see": [
    "pid-loop",
    "control-loop"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "process-automation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Fieldbus",
   "slug": "fieldbus",
   "short": "Digital network for distributed industrial field devices.",
   "long": "A digital industrial network connecting controllers to distributed sensors, actuators, drives, and instruments. Fieldbuses reduce point-to-point wiring and add diagnostics; examples include PROFIBUS, CANopen, DeviceNet, and Foundation Fieldbus.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/fieldbus/",
   "see": [
    "profibus",
    "canopen",
    "ethercat"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "industrial-networking"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "First-pass yield (FPY)",
   "slug": "first-pass-yield",
   "short": "Share of units accepted without rework or retest.",
   "long": "The percentage of units that meet requirements the first time through a process without rework, repair, or retest. FPY exposes hidden quality cost that a final pass rate can conceal.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/first-pass-yield/",
   "see": [
    "spc",
    "nonconformance",
    "oee"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "FOUNDATION fieldbus",
   "slug": "foundation-fieldbus",
   "short": "Process fieldbus with control in field.",
   "long": "Digital fieldbus (H1 at 31.25 kbit/s, HSE on Ethernet) carrying multi-variable data plus diagnostics; function blocks can execute in field devices. Common in greenfield process plants alongside HART and PROFINET.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/foundation-fieldbus/",
   "see": [
    "fieldbus",
    "hart-protocol"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "process-automation",
    "industrial-networking"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Free-air delivery",
   "slug": "free-air-delivery",
   "short": "Compressor air flow expressed at stated inlet or reference conditions rather than compressed pipe-volume conditions.",
   "long": "Always retain the reference temperature and pressure with an air-flow number. A volume flow measured at line pressure cannot be substituted directly for a free-air flow. Match the flow basis to the specific-power data used in an energy assessment. The [leak-cost guide](/articles/compressed-air-leak-cost/) explains the calculation boundary.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/free-air-delivery/",
   "see": [
    "specific-power"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "energy",
    "process-automation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Freelance (ABB)",
   "slug": "freelance",
   "short": "ABB's compact DCS for small process applications.",
   "long": "ABB's compact DCS for smaller process applications and skids: integrated control, visualization, and trending in one engineering tool at a PLC-comparable cost profile.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/freelance/",
   "see": [
    "dcs",
    "abb-800xa"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "dcs"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Function Block Diagram (FBD)",
   "slug": "function-block-diagram",
   "short": "Signal-flow graphical PLC language.",
   "long": "IEC 61131-3 language where prebuilt blocks (timers, PID, math) are wired by signal lines. Natural for process and motion logic; pairs well with Structured Text for algorithms.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/function-block-diagram/",
   "see": [
    "iec-61131-3",
    "structured-text",
    "pid-loop"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "plc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Functional safety",
   "slug": "functional-safety",
   "short": "Failure-tolerant design quantified by SIL ratings.",
   "long": "Engineering that keeps failures from causing harm: safety PLCs, rated sensors and actuators, and certified communication (PROFIsafe, CIP Safety, Safety over EtherCAT). Quantified by Safety Integrity Levels (SIL) per IEC 61508/62061.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/functional-safety/",
   "see": [
    "sil",
    "plc"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "plc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Gemba",
   "slug": "gemba",
   "short": "The real place (shop floor).",
   "long": "Japanese for 'the real place': where value is created. Gemba walks take engineers and managers to the line to observe facts before deciding \u2014 the opposite of managing by dashboard alone.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/gemba/",
   "see": [
    "kaizen",
    "andon-system"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Golden batch",
   "slug": "golden-batch",
   "short": "Known-good reference batch used to compare execution and quality.",
   "long": "A documented reference batch that met quality and process objectives under known-good conditions. Comparing later batches with its recipe execution and trajectories helps find drift, but it does not replace validated limits or statistical analysis.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/golden-batch/",
   "see": [
    "batch-process",
    "electronic-batch-record",
    "spc"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "process-automation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "GSD file",
   "slug": "gsd-file",
   "short": "PROFIBUS/PROFINET device description.",
   "long": "General Station Description: vendor file describing a device's I/O modules, parameters, and diagnostics so engineering tools can configure it. Match the GSD version to firmware or modules go missing.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/gsd-file/",
   "see": [
    "profibus",
    "profinet"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "profinet",
    "industrial-networking"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Harmonics",
   "slug": "harmonics",
   "short": "Distortion from nonlinear loads.",
   "long": "Multiples of mains frequency injected by VFDs, rectifiers, and switch-mode supplies. Cause overheated neutrals and transformers, nuisance trips, and utility penalties; mitigated with reactors, filters, and active-front-end drives.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/harmonics/",
   "see": [
    "vfd",
    "line-reactor"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "energy",
    "industrial-hardware"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "HART protocol",
   "slug": "hart-protocol",
   "short": "Digital overlay on 4\u201320 mA.",
   "long": "Highway Addressable Remote Transducer: FSK digital signal superimposed on 4\u201320 mA wiring for device configuration, diagnostics, and multi-variable reads without new cable.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/hart-protocol/",
   "see": [
    "4-20ma-loop",
    "fieldbus"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "process-automation",
    "industrial-networking"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Hazardous area classification",
   "slug": "hazardous-area-classification",
   "short": "Zoning for explosive atmospheres.",
   "long": "Division/zone system (Class I Div 1, Zone 0/1/2, ATEX/IECEx) rating where flammable gases, dusts, or fibers may ignite. Determines enclosure, wiring, and device ratings for every component in the area.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/hazardous-area-classification/",
   "see": [
    "intrinsic-safety",
    "ip-rating"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "process-automation",
    "manufacturing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "HAZOP",
   "slug": "hazop",
   "short": "Guideword-based study of process hazards and deviations.",
   "long": "Hazard and Operability Study: a facilitated, guideword-based review of process deviations such as more pressure, less flow, or reverse flow, their causes and consequences, and required safeguards.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/hazop/",
   "see": [
    "safety-instrumented-system",
    "management-of-change",
    "safety-instrumented-function"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "process-automation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Historian",
   "slug": "historian",
   "short": "Long-term high-resolution store for process time-series data.",
   "long": "A process historian stores high-resolution time-series data for years with compression and fast retrieval, serving trends, calculations, and analysis. Classic examples: AVEVA PI System, Proficy Historian. Distinct from SCADA trending (short-term) and from generic time-series databases (process-aware features).",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/historian/",
   "see": [
    "scada",
    "mes"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "scada"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Historian deadband",
   "slug": "deadband-compression",
   "short": "A configured change threshold used in some historian or gateway recording policies.",
   "long": "An absolute threshold uses engineering units; a percentage needs an explicit reference span. Acquisition, publish and archive filtering can occur at different stages. Test ramps, excursions, state changes and bad-quality values before accepting a storage reduction. The [historian guide](/articles/historian-deadband-sampling-storage/) includes a raw-volume calculation.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/deadband-compression/",
   "see": [
    "historian",
    "source-timestamp",
    "deadband"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "scada",
    "factory-software",
    "iiot"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "HMI",
   "slug": "hmi",
   "short": "Operator interface for monitoring and controlling equipment.",
   "long": "Human-machine interface: the operator's window into the process \u2014 panels, SCADA graphics, alarming, and controls. Good HMI follows high-performance graphics principles: abnormal situations must be obvious at a glance.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/hmi/",
   "see": [
    "scada",
    "plc"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "scada"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Hysteresis",
   "slug": "hysteresis",
   "short": "Different on/off switching thresholds.",
   "long": "Gap between switch-on and switch-off points (start pump at 20%, stop at 80%) that stops rapid cycling. Implemented in logic, thermostats, pressure switches, and alarm blocks.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/hysteresis/",
   "see": [
    "deadband",
    "plc"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "plc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "IEC 61131-3",
   "slug": "iec-61131-3",
   "short": "Standard for the five PLC programming languages.",
   "long": "The standard defining five PLC programming languages: Ladder Diagram, Function Block Diagram, Structured Text, Sequential Function Chart, and (deprecated) Instruction List. Standardizes languages, not vendor libraries or IDEs.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/iec-61131-3/",
   "see": [
    "plc",
    "plcopen"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "plc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "IEC 61511",
   "slug": "iec-61511",
   "short": "Process-sector lifecycle standard for safety instrumented systems.",
   "long": "IEC 61511 defines the functional-safety lifecycle for safety instrumented systems in the process sector: hazard analysis, allocation, design, verification, operation, proof testing, maintenance, and decommissioning.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/iec-61511/",
   "see": [
    "safety-instrumented-system",
    "safety-instrumented-function",
    "sil"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "process-automation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "IEC 62061",
   "slug": "iec-62061",
   "short": "Machinery functional-safety standard for control systems.",
   "long": "IEC 62061 specifies the functional-safety requirements and design methodology for safety-related control systems on machinery. It uses SILCL targets for safety functions and addresses architecture, reliability, validation, and software.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/iec-62061/",
   "see": [
    "functional-safety",
    "sil",
    "safety-relay"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "plc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "IEC 62443",
   "slug": "iec-62443",
   "short": "Core OT cybersecurity standard series.",
   "long": "The ISA/IEC industrial cybersecurity standard series: risk assessment, zones and conduits, component requirements, and lifecycle practices for industrial automation and control systems. The reference behind most OT security programs.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/iec-62443/",
   "see": [
    "zones-conduits",
    "ot"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "ot-security"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "IIoT",
   "slug": "iiot",
   "short": "Networked devices and platforms for industrial operations.",
   "long": "The Industrial Internet of Things: networked sensors, gateways, platforms, and analytics connecting physical operations to software. Distinguished from consumer IoT by reliability, lifecycle, security, and integration with control systems.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/iiot/",
   "see": [
    "mqtt",
    "uns",
    "edge-gateway"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "iiot"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Industrial data contract",
   "slug": "data-contract",
   "short": "An owned agreement about a signal\u2019s identity, datatype, units, timestamps, quality and consumer behavior.",
   "long": "Transport protocols move data; the contract makes its meaning and failure handling explicit. Include schema revision and migration rules, plus behavior for stale, duplicate, bad-quality and incompatible data. Keep credentials in approved secret storage. Use the [contract worksheet](/templates/industrial-data-contract/) with the [connectivity learning path](/learn/industrial-data-connectivity/).",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/data-contract/",
   "see": [
    "information-model",
    "source-timestamp",
    "topic-namespace"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "iiot",
    "mqtt",
    "opc-ua"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Industrial DMZ",
   "slug": "dmz-industrial",
   "short": "Buffer segment between IT and OT networks.",
   "long": "The industrial demilitarized zone: a buffer network segment between enterprise IT and OT, hosting historians, jump hosts, update servers, and integration brokers. No direct IT-to-controller traffic crosses it.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/dmz-industrial/",
   "see": [
    "zones-conduits",
    "purdue-model"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "ot-security"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Industrial firewall",
   "slug": "industrial-firewall",
   "short": "Firewall designed for segmented industrial network traffic.",
   "long": "A firewall designed for plant networks, with controls for zones, conduits, industrial protocols, legacy systems, and availability constraints. Rules should be based on required flows and asset roles, not on a flat list of open ports alone.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/industrial-firewall/",
   "see": [
    "zones-conduits",
    "deep-packet-inspection",
    "dmz-industrial"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "ot-security"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Industrial wireless",
   "slug": "industrial-wireless",
   "short": "Wireless networking designed for plant devices and operations.",
   "long": "Wireless connectivity used for industrial sensing, mobility, maintenance, and control-adjacent applications, including Wi-Fi, private LTE/5G, WirelessHART, and ISA100.11a. Performance, roaming, interference, and safety requirements determine the fit.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/industrial-wireless/",
   "see": [
    "iiot",
    "edge-gateway",
    "determinism"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "industrial-networking"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Information model",
   "slug": "information-model",
   "short": "OPC UA's structured, browsable description of assets.",
   "long": "In OPC UA, the structured description of assets as objects, variables, methods, and references with types and semantics \u2014 what lets a client browse an unknown server and understand it. Companion specs extend the base model into domains.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/information-model/",
   "see": [
    "opc-ua",
    "companion-spec"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "opc-ua"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Internal setup",
   "slug": "internal-setup",
   "short": "Changeover work that requires the equipment to be stopped.",
   "long": "Distinguish work that physically requires the stop from preparation that can be performed beforehand under an approved procedure. Moving a task externally must preserve isolation, validation and other required checks. Record concurrent tasks so labor minutes are not mistaken for elapsed downtime. The [SMED sheet](/templates/smed-observation/) provides fields for this observation.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/internal-setup/",
   "see": [
    "external-setup",
    "smed",
    "changeover"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Intrinsic safety (IS)",
   "slug": "intrinsic-safety",
   "short": "Energy-limited hazardous-area method.",
   "long": "Protection method that keeps circuit energy below ignition levels using barriers or galvanic isolators, so field devices can be serviced live in explosive atmospheres.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/intrinsic-safety/",
   "see": [
    "hazardous-area-classification",
    "dcs"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "process-automation",
    "industrial-hardware"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "IP rating",
   "slug": "ip-rating",
   "short": "Enclosure ingress protection code.",
   "long": "IEC 60529 two-digit code: solids protection (0\u20136) then liquids (0\u20139K). IP65 = dust-tight, jet-proof; IP69K survives high-pressure washdown in food plants.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/ip-rating/",
   "see": [
    "nema-rating"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "industrial-hardware",
    "manufacturing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "ISA-101",
   "slug": "isa-101",
   "short": "Lifecycle and design guidance for industrial HMIs.",
   "long": "ISA-101 provides guidance for human-machine interface lifecycle management and design in process automation. It covers philosophy, hierarchy, navigation, display design, usability, and maintaining the HMI as the process changes.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/isa-101/",
   "see": [
    "hmi",
    "alarm-management",
    "scada"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "scada"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "ISA-18.2",
   "slug": "isa-18-2",
   "short": "Standard lifecycle for rational, actionable process alarms.",
   "long": "ISA-18.2, the process-industry alarm management standard, defines a lifecycle from identification and rationalization through design, implementation, operation, monitoring, maintenance, and change. It emphasizes alarms that require a timely operator response.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/isa-18-2/",
   "see": [
    "alarm-management",
    "hmi",
    "scada"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "scada"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "ISA-88",
   "slug": "isa-88",
   "short": "Standard for batch control models and recipes.",
   "long": "The batch control standard: models for recipes, units, and procedures (physical model, procedural model, recipes). Implemented by DCS batch managers and batch-capable MES.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/isa-88/",
   "see": [
    "batch-process",
    "isa-95"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "mes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "ISA-95",
   "slug": "isa-95",
   "short": "Standard vocabulary for ERP/MES integration.",
   "long": "The enterprise\u2013control integration standard (IEC 62264): level model (0\u20134), object models for equipment/material/personnel, and B2MML exchange schemas between ERP and MES.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/isa-95/",
   "see": [
    "mes",
    "erp",
    "mes-integration"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "mes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "ISO 10218",
   "slug": "iso-10218",
   "short": "Safety requirements for industrial robots and robot systems.",
   "long": "ISO 10218 specifies safety requirements for industrial robot systems and their integration, including safeguarding, modes, stopping, and validation. It applies to robot applications, not just the arm hardware.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/iso-10218/",
   "see": [
    "robotics",
    "cobot",
    "functional-safety"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "robotics"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "ISO 13849",
   "slug": "iso-13849",
   "short": "Machinery safety-control methodology based on Performance Level.",
   "long": "ISO 13849-1 provides a methodology for designing safety-related parts of control systems and rating their achieved Performance Level (PL a\u2013e). It considers architecture, diagnostics, component reliability, and common-cause failure.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/iso-13849/",
   "see": [
    "functional-safety",
    "safety-relay",
    "sil"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "plc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "IT/OT convergence",
   "slug": "it-ot-convergence",
   "short": "Merging of IT and OT systems and organizations.",
   "long": "The merging of information technology and operational technology networks, data, and organizations \u2014 shared infrastructure, unified identity, and combined analytics. Creates efficiency and expands the attack surface, which is why segmentation and joint governance come with it.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/it-ot-convergence/",
   "see": [
    "ot",
    "zones-conduits"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "industrial-networking"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Jitter",
   "slug": "jitter",
   "short": "Cycle-to-cycle latency variation; the enemy of control loops.",
   "long": "Variation in latency from cycle to cycle. Control loops tolerate constant delay far better than jitter; real-time networks are engineered to bound it, often to microseconds.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/jitter/",
   "see": [
    "determinism",
    "tsn"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "industrial-networking"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Kaizen",
   "slug": "kaizen",
   "short": "Continuous incremental improvement.",
   "long": "Practice of small, frequent, employee-driven improvements rather than occasional big projects. Sustained by gemba walks, suggestion systems, and visible follow-through.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/kaizen/",
   "see": [
    "gemba",
    "total-productive-maintenance"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Kanban",
   "slug": "kanban",
   "short": "Pull-based replenishment signal.",
   "long": "Lean method where downstream consumption pulls material: cards, bins, or electronic signals authorize production and movement. Limits work in process and exposes bottlenecks.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/kanban/",
   "see": [
    "andon-system",
    "work-in-process"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing",
    "mes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Kepware",
   "slug": "kepware",
   "short": "Multi-protocol connectivity server, now part of Velotic.",
   "long": "Industrial connectivity software exposing hundreds of device and PLC protocols through OPC UA, MQTT, and other northbound interfaces. Originally by PTC, now part of Velotic alongside Proficy and ThingWorx.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/kepware/",
   "see": [
    "opc-ua",
    "edge-gateway",
    "velotic"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "opc-ua"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Ladder Logic (LD)",
   "slug": "ladder-logic",
   "short": "Relay-style graphical PLC language.",
   "long": "IEC 61131-3 graphical language that mimics relay ladder schematics: rungs of contacts and coils evaluated left to right, top to bottom. Still the most widely understood PLC language among maintenance electricians.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/ladder-logic/",
   "see": [
    "iec-61131-3",
    "plc"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "plc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Lead time",
   "slug": "lead-time",
   "short": "Elapsed time from a specified start event to a specified completion event.",
   "long": "Production lead time can run from release into production to completed output; order lead time can include order handling and delivery. Waiting, transport, inspection and queues belong to the chosen boundary even when no processing occurs. Compare lead time with [takt and cycle time](/articles/takt-time-cycle-time-lead-time/) before assuming a faster machine solves a delivery delay.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/lead-time/",
   "see": [
    "cycle-time",
    "takt-time",
    "work-in-process"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing",
    "supply-chain"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Line reactor",
   "slug": "line-reactor",
   "short": "Inductive filter ahead of drives.",
   "long": "Three-phase inductor installed upstream of VFDs to absorb power-line transients, reduce harmonics, and protect the drive's rectifier. Companion to load reactors and braking resistors in drive panels.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/line-reactor/",
   "see": [
    "vfd",
    "harmonics"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "industrial-hardware",
    "energy"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Lockout/tagout (LOTO)",
   "slug": "lockout-tagout",
   "short": "Energy-isolation procedure for safe equipment servicing.",
   "long": "LOTO: a procedure that isolates hazardous energy, locks and tags the isolation points, verifies zero energy, and controls re-energization before servicing equipment. It covers electrical, pneumatic, hydraulic, thermal, and stored energy.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/lockout-tagout/",
   "see": [
    "functional-safety",
    "permit-to-work"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Lot traceability",
   "slug": "lot-traceability",
   "short": "Tracing a material lot through inputs, production, and destinations.",
   "long": "The ability to trace a material or product lot backward to inputs, equipment, conditions, and suppliers and forward to the orders or customers that received it. It supports containment, recall, quality investigation, and compliance.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/lot-traceability/",
   "see": [
    "genealogy",
    "mes",
    "electronic-batch-record"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "mes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Machine vision",
   "slug": "machine-vision",
   "short": "Camera-based inspection, measurement, identification, or guidance.",
   "long": "Using cameras, optics, lighting, and image-processing or AI models to inspect parts, guide robots, read codes, measure geometry, or detect defects. Reliable deployments control lighting, fixturing, and acceptance thresholds.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/machine-vision/",
   "see": [
    "robotics",
    "first-pass-yield",
    "traceability"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "robotics"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Management of change (MOC)",
   "slug": "management-of-change",
   "short": "Controlled review and approval process for operational changes.",
   "long": "MOC: a formal process for evaluating, approving, implementing, documenting, and communicating changes to equipment, logic, procedures, software, materials, or organization before they affect operations or safety.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/management-of-change/",
   "see": [
    "iec-61511",
    "hazop",
    "functional-safety"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "process-automation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Manipulated Variable (MV)",
   "slug": "manipulated-variable",
   "short": "Controller output to the process.",
   "long": "Signal the controller adjusts to move the process: valve position, drive speed, heater duty. MV limits, rate-of-change clamps, and bumpless transfer keep moves safe.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/manipulated-variable/",
   "see": [
    "pid-loop",
    "control-loop"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "plc",
    "process-automation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Mean time between failures (MTBF)",
   "slug": "mean-time-between-failures",
   "short": "Average operating time between failures of a repairable asset.",
   "long": "MTBF: average operating time between inherent failures of a repairable asset under stated conditions. It is a statistical reliability measure, not a guaranteed service interval and not the same as uptime percentage.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/mean-time-between-failures/",
   "see": [
    "mean-time-to-repair",
    "asset-performance-management",
    "cmms"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "factory-software"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Mean time to repair (MTTR)",
   "slug": "mean-time-to-repair",
   "short": "Average time required to restore equipment after failure.",
   "long": "MTTR: average time to restore a failed asset to service, including diagnosis, access, repair, testing, and restart according to the chosen measurement boundary. Clear definitions matter when comparing teams or plants.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/mean-time-to-repair/",
   "see": [
    "mean-time-between-failures",
    "cmms",
    "oee"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "factory-software"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "MES",
   "slug": "mes",
   "short": "Operations management: orders, genealogy, quality, OEE.",
   "long": "Manufacturing execution systems manage shop-floor operations: scheduling, dispatch, genealogy, quality, and OEE. They sit between ERP (Level 4) and control (Levels 0\u20132), attaching production context \u2014 lots, orders, serial numbers \u2014 to raw process data.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/mes/",
   "see": [
    "erp",
    "isa-95",
    "scada"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "mes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "MES integration",
   "slug": "mes-integration",
   "short": "The ERP/MES interface discipline.",
   "long": "Shorthand for the interface layer between operations and business systems: tag-to-lot context mapping, B2MML or API exchanges, and master-data alignment between MES and ERP.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/mes-integration/",
   "see": [
    "isa-95",
    "mes"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "mes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Modbus",
   "slug": "modbus",
   "short": "Simple register protocol; RTU on serial, TCP on Ethernet.",
   "long": "The ubiquitous master/slave protocol from 1979: simple register reads and writes over serial (RTU) or Ethernet (TCP, port 502). No discovery, browsing, or security \u2014 and present on nearly every PLC, drive, and meter.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/modbus/",
   "see": [
    "plc",
    "opc-ua"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "modbus"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Motion control",
   "slug": "motion-control",
   "short": "Coordinated servo control for positioning and robotics.",
   "long": "Coordinated control of position, velocity, and torque across servo axes: point-to-point moves, electronic gearing and camming, and multi-axis interpolation for robotics and CNC.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/motion-control/",
   "see": [
    "ethercat",
    "plcopen"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "motion-control"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Motor Control Center (MCC)",
   "slug": "motor-control-center",
   "short": "Centralized motor starter lineup.",
   "long": "Floor-standing lineup of buckets feeding motors: starters, VFDs, breakers, and overload protection in one maintainable assembly. Smart MCCs add networked I/O and energy metering.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/motor-control-center/",
   "see": [
    "vfd",
    "soft-starter"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "industrial-hardware",
    "manufacturing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Motor efficiency",
   "slug": "motor-efficiency",
   "short": "Mechanical shaft output power divided by real electrical input power at the stated operating point.",
   "long": "A 15 kW shaft output at 90% efficiency requires about 16.67 kW real input. Use efficiency and power factor appropriate to the same load condition. Nameplate shaft power is not directly the electrical kW to multiply by operating hours. The [energy calculator](/tools/energy-cost-calculator/) expects electrical input.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/motor-efficiency/",
   "see": [
    "power-factor",
    "vfd"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "energy",
    "industrial-hardware"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "MQTT",
   "slug": "mqtt",
   "short": "Lightweight pub/sub transport for telemetry and events.",
   "long": "A lightweight publish/subscribe messaging protocol (OASIS standard): clients publish to topic strings on a broker, subscribers receive matching messages. Features QoS levels, retained messages, persistent sessions, and Last Will. Defines transport only \u2014 topic structure and payloads come from conventions like Sparkplug.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/mqtt/",
   "see": [
    "sparkplug-b",
    "uns",
    "qos"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "mqtt"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "MTConnect",
   "slug": "mtconnect",
   "short": "Open read-only standard for CNC machine data.",
   "long": "The open, read-only standard for machine-tool data: adapters talk controller protocols, agents serve normalized XML over HTTP (probe/current/sample). Covers execution state, positions, loads, and assets like cutting tools.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/mtconnect/",
   "see": [
    "cnc",
    "opc-ua"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "cnc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "NEMA rating",
   "slug": "nema-rating",
   "short": "North American enclosure standard.",
   "long": "NEMA 250 enclosure types (1, 3R, 4, 4X, 12\u2026) covering ingress plus corrosion and construction. Roughly mappable to IP codes but not equivalent \u2014 check both for washdown or outdoor duty.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/nema-rating/",
   "see": [
    "ip-rating"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "industrial-hardware",
    "manufacturing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Nonconformance",
   "slug": "nonconformance",
   "short": "Documented failure to meet a specified requirement.",
   "long": "A product, process, material, or record that fails a specified requirement. A nonconformance record captures containment, disposition, investigation, root cause, and corrective action rather than quietly filtering out the bad result.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/nonconformance/",
   "see": [
    "first-pass-yield",
    "root-cause-analysis",
    "mes"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "ODVA",
   "slug": "odva",
   "short": "Standards body for CIP and EtherNet/IP.",
   "long": "The standards organization behind CIP, EtherNet/IP, DeviceNet, and related technologies, including conformance testing for multi-vendor interoperability.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/odva/",
   "see": [
    "cip",
    "ethernet-ip"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "ethernet-ip"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "OEE",
   "slug": "oee",
   "short": "Availability \u00d7 performance \u00d7 quality.",
   "long": "Overall equipment effectiveness: availability \u00d7 performance \u00d7 quality. The standard rollup of how much good product an asset made versus its theoretical maximum. Simple to define, easy to game \u2014 agree on the loss categories first.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/oee/",
   "see": [
    "mes",
    "cmms"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "mes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "OPC UA",
   "slug": "opc-ua",
   "short": "Industrial interoperability framework: modeling, PubSub, security.",
   "long": "OPC Unified Architecture: a platform-independent interoperability framework with an extensible information model, client/server services, alarms, historical access, PubSub, and built-in X.509 security. Companion specifications extend it into industries from robotics to process automation.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/opc-ua/",
   "see": [
    "companion-spec",
    "information-model",
    "mqtt"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "opc-ua"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "OPC UA FX",
   "slug": "opc-ua-fx",
   "short": "OPC UA field-level communication and controller interoperability.",
   "long": "OPC UA Field eXchange: OPC Foundation specifications for controller-to-controller and controller-to-device field communication, including discovery, configuration, information modeling, and time-sensitive transport profiles.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/opc-ua-fx/",
   "see": [
    "opc-ua",
    "opc-ua-pubsub",
    "tsn"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "opc-ua"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "OPC UA PubSub",
   "slug": "opc-ua-pubsub",
   "short": "OPC UA's scalable publish/subscribe communication model.",
   "long": "OPC UA Publish-Subscribe: a connection-oriented or connectionless OPC UA communication model for one-to-many and many-to-many distribution. UDP with UADP or MQTT/AMQP mappings can serve different scale, routing, and timing needs.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/opc-ua-pubsub/",
   "see": [
    "opc-ua",
    "mqtt",
    "tsn"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "opc-ua"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "OPCTurkey",
   "slug": "opcturkey",
   "short": "Kepware's official distributor and OPC services in T\u00fcrkiye.",
   "long": "OPCTurkey: the T\u00fcrkiye-focused OPC resource and Kepware's official distributor in the region, providing OPC project, sales, and technical support services.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/opcturkey/",
   "see": [
    "opc-ua",
    "kepware"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "opc-ua"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "OT",
   "slug": "ot",
   "short": "Hardware/software that monitors and controls physical processes.",
   "long": "Operational technology: the hardware and software that monitor and control physical processes \u2014 controllers, SCADA, field devices, and their networks. Contrasted with IT (business systems); the two increasingly converge.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/ot/",
   "see": [
    "it-ot-convergence",
    "iec-62443",
    "scada"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "ot-security"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Packet capture",
   "slug": "packet-capture",
   "short": "Recorded network traffic used for OT troubleshooting and investigation.",
   "long": "A recorded view of network packets used to troubleshoot timing, protocol errors, unexpected connections, and device behavior. In OT, capture carefully because collection points, retention, and active troubleshooting must respect fragile or safety-critical systems.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/packet-capture/",
   "see": [
    "deep-packet-inspection",
    "industrial-firewall",
    "ot"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "ot-security"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Pareto chart",
   "slug": "pareto-chart",
   "short": "A ranked view of categories by a chosen measure, often with cumulative share.",
   "long": "For downtime, rank by duration and frequency separately because frequent short stops and rare long failures imply different work. The chart depends on non-overlapping time boundaries and usable cause codes. It does not replace review of safety consequences or constraint effects. Use the [downtime guide](/articles/downtime-pareto-reason-codes/) and [event worksheet](/templates/downtime-log/).",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/pareto-chart/",
   "see": [
    "oee",
    "root-cause-analysis"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing",
    "mes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Periodic task",
   "slug": "periodic-task",
   "short": "PLC task on a fixed schedule.",
   "long": "Deterministic task executed every N ms, used for control loops and fast interlocks. Higher priority than the continuous task; must provably fit its period or it starves lower-priority work.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/periodic-task/",
   "see": [
    "plc",
    "scan-time"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "plc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Permit to work",
   "slug": "permit-to-work",
   "short": "Formal authorization and controls for hazardous work.",
   "long": "A controlled authorization for hazardous work that identifies the job, hazards, isolations, precautions, responsible people, time window, and handback conditions. It coordinates operations, maintenance, and contractors.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/permit-to-work/",
   "see": [
    "lockout-tagout",
    "management-of-change"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "PID loop",
   "slug": "pid-loop",
   "short": "The standard feedback control algorithm.",
   "long": "Proportional-integral-derivative control: the workhorse feedback algorithm adjusting an output from the error between setpoint and measurement. Tuning (manual, Ziegler\u2013Nichols, or software-assisted) decides stability and response.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/pid-loop/",
   "see": [
    "plc",
    "dcs"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "plc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Planned production time",
   "slug": "planned-production-time",
   "short": "The time included in a defined production plan after explicitly agreed exclusions.",
   "long": "State which breaks, maintenance and schedule conditions are excluded. Do not remove a loss merely to improve an OEE denominator. Use the same boundary for run time and included downtime, and keep customer-demand pace distinct from actual losses. Compare [takt, cycle and lead time](/articles/takt-time-cycle-time-lead-time/) and the [OEE loss tree](/articles/oee-loss-tree-explained/).",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/planned-production-time/",
   "see": [
    "oee",
    "takt-time"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing",
    "mes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "PLC",
   "slug": "plc",
   "short": "Rugged deterministic controller running scan-cycle logic.",
   "long": "Programmable logic controller: a ruggedized computer executing deterministic scan cycles \u2014 read inputs, run logic, write outputs \u2014 typically programmed in IEC 61131-3 languages. The default controller for discrete automation and small process skids.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/plc/",
   "see": [
    "iec-61131-3",
    "dcs",
    "rtu"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "plc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "PLCopen",
   "slug": "plcopen",
   "short": "Standard PLC libraries for motion and safety.",
   "long": "The organization standardizing reusable PLC software: motion control function blocks, safety, and coding guidelines across IEC 61131-3 platforms.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/plcopen/",
   "see": [
    "iec-61131-3",
    "motion-control"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "plc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "PNP / NPN (sourcing / sinking)",
   "slug": "pnp-npn",
   "short": "DC sensor output wiring styles.",
   "long": "PNP (sourcing) switches the +24 V side; NPN (sinking) switches the 0 V side. Sensor type must match the input module's common wiring or signals read inverted \u2014 or never arrive.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/pnp-npn/",
   "see": [
    "plc",
    "remote-i-o"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "plc",
    "industrial-hardware"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Poka-yoke",
   "slug": "poka-yoke",
   "short": "Error-proofing by design.",
   "long": "Mistake-proofing: fixtures, sensors, or sequences that make defects impossible or instantly obvious \u2014 asymmetric connectors, interlocked guards, vision checks before fastening.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/poka-yoke/",
   "see": [
    "spc",
    "fmea"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Power factor",
   "slug": "power-factor",
   "short": "The ratio of real electrical power to apparent power at a defined AC operating point.",
   "long": "In a balanced sinusoidal three-phase estimate, real input power equals \u221a3 \u00d7 line-to-line voltage \u00d7 line current \u00d7 power factor. Efficiency then relates that real input to shaft output. Power factor is not motor efficiency and does not by itself describe energy savings. See the [motor calculator](/tools/motor-current-calculator/) and [quantity guide](/articles/motor-power-current-efficiency/).",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/power-factor/",
   "see": [
    "motor-efficiency",
    "harmonics"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "energy",
    "industrial-hardware"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Predictive maintenance",
   "slug": "predictive-maintenance",
   "short": "Maintenance scheduled from evidence of changing failure risk.",
   "long": "Maintenance triggered by evidence that an asset's condition or failure risk is changing, using rules, models, or statistical trends. Prediction is useful only when it leads to a feasible intervention before the consequence occurs.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/predictive-maintenance/",
   "see": [
    "condition-monitoring",
    "asset-performance-management",
    "cmms"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "factory-software"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Process capability",
   "slug": "process-capability",
   "short": "Comparison of process spread and centering against engineering specification limits.",
   "long": "Two-sided width and centered indices use specification limits, mean and a justified variation estimate. In Shopfloor\u2019s convention, within-subgroup estimates produce Cp/Cpk and overall sample spread produces Pp/Ppk. Interpretation needs stable representative data, an adequate measurement system and suitable distribution assumptions. Try the [capability calculator](/tools/process-capability-calculator/) and read the [index comparison](/articles/cp-cpk-pp-ppk-difference/).",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/process-capability/",
   "see": [
    "spc",
    "specification-limits",
    "rational-subgroup"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing",
    "factory-software"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Process Variable (PV)",
   "slug": "process-variable",
   "short": "Measured value in a control loop.",
   "long": "Live measurement fed back to the controller: the transmitter reading the loop compares against its setpoint. PV quality (range checks, freeze detection) decides whether automatic control is safe.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/process-variable/",
   "see": [
    "pid-loop",
    "setpoint"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "plc",
    "process-automation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Produced / consumed tags",
   "slug": "produced-consumed-tags",
   "short": "CIP implicit data exchange.",
   "long": "EtherNet/IP mechanism where one controller produces a tag that others consume over implicit messaging \u2014 no MSG instructions needed. The standard pattern for controller-to-controller data.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/produced-consumed-tags/",
   "see": [
    "ethernet-ip",
    "cip"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "ethernet-ip",
    "plc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Production genealogy",
   "slug": "genealogy",
   "short": "Detailed history linking a product to its materials and process execution.",
   "long": "Production genealogy links a finished unit, lot, or batch to the materials, components, process steps, equipment, measurements, operators, and rework that created it. It is the detailed production-history layer behind traceability.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/genealogy/",
   "see": [
    "traceability",
    "lot-traceability",
    "mes"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "mes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "PROFIBUS",
   "slug": "profibus",
   "short": "Established PI fieldbus family for factory and process devices.",
   "long": "PROFIBUS is a family of digital fieldbus protocols from PI, including DP for factory automation and PA for process instruments. It provides cyclic data, diagnostics, and device profiles over established physical layers.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/profibus/",
   "see": [
    "profinet",
    "fieldbus",
    "functional-safety"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "industrial-networking"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "PROFINET",
   "slug": "profinet",
   "short": "Real-time industrial Ethernet from PI (RT and IRT).",
   "long": "PROFIBUS & PROFINET International's industrial Ethernet: RT over standard switches for millisecond control, IRT with scheduled hardware-assisted cycles for motion. Conformance classes A\u2013D describe device capability; PROFIdrive, PROFIenergy, and PROFIsafe extend it.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/profinet/",
   "see": [
    "tsn",
    "ethernet-ip",
    "functional-safety"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "profinet"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Purdue model",
   "slug": "purdue-model",
   "short": "IT/OT layering model underlying segmentation design.",
   "long": "The reference layering enterprise (Level 4\u20135) through operations (Level 3), supervision (Level 2), control (Level 1), and physical process (Level 0), with a DMZ between IT and OT. A starting sketch for segmentation, per ISA-95 concepts.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/purdue-model/",
   "see": [
    "isa-95",
    "dmz-industrial",
    "zones-conduits"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "ot-security"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "QoS (MQTT)",
   "slug": "qos",
   "short": "MQTT delivery guarantees: 0, 1, or 2.",
   "long": "MQTT quality of service: QoS 0 (at most once), QoS 1 (at least once, may duplicate), QoS 2 (exactly once). Negotiated per hop and capped by the subscription \u2014 publishing high to a low-QoS subscriber still delivers at most once.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/qos/",
   "see": [
    "mqtt",
    "sparkplug-b"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "mqtt"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Rational subgroup",
   "slug": "rational-subgroup",
   "short": "A sampling group designed so within-group variation represents the short-term variation being studied.",
   "long": "Samples might come consecutively from one machine or cavity while between-group differences expose changes over time. Mixing different streams inside every subgroup can conceal the changes of interest. Retain stream and time identity with raw data, and document how the within-subgroup variation estimate was obtained. See [capability indices](/articles/cp-cpk-pp-ppk-difference/).",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/rational-subgroup/",
   "see": [
    "spc",
    "process-capability"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing",
    "industrial-ai"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Recipe management",
   "slug": "recipe-management",
   "short": "Controlled versioning and execution of production instructions.",
   "long": "The controlled definition, versioning, approval, selection, and execution of production recipes: parameters, materials, equipment requirements, steps, limits, and permissions. It prevents ad hoc operator edits from becoming invisible process changes.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/recipe-management/",
   "see": [
    "isa-88",
    "batch-process",
    "electronic-batch-record"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "mes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Recovery point objective (RPO)",
   "slug": "recovery-point-objective",
   "short": "The target maximum acceptable loss of data or configuration history following an interruption.",
   "long": "RPO concerns how current the usable recovery point must be. It differs from recovery time objective, which concerns elapsed time to restore the agreed service. A backup\u2019s date alone does not prove it is usable or matches the installed approved revision. Document both objectives in the [restore-test worksheet](/templates/backup-restore-test/).",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/recovery-point-objective/",
   "see": [
    "recovery-time-objective",
    "management-of-change"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "ot-security",
    "factory-software"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Recovery time objective (RTO)",
   "slug": "recovery-time-objective",
   "short": "The target elapsed time to restore an agreed service boundary after an interruption.",
   "long": "Define the service and the clock boundary with the system owner. Restoring files, starting a runtime and returning validated production to service are different milestones. Test dependencies and approvals as well as copy speed. The [OT recovery guide](/articles/ot-backup-restore-test-guide/) describes how to preserve the evidence and limits of an exercise.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/recovery-time-objective/",
   "see": [
    "recovery-point-objective",
    "mean-time-to-repair"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "ot-security",
    "factory-software"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Redundancy",
   "slug": "redundancy",
   "short": "Duplicate or alternate capacity that tolerates a single failure.",
   "long": "Using duplicate or alternate components, paths, or services so one failure does not stop the required function. OT redundancy must consider common-cause failures, switchover behavior, synchronization, testing, and the process safe state.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/redundancy/",
   "see": [
    "dcs",
    "ethercat",
    "functional-safety"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "industrial-networking"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Remote I/O",
   "slug": "remote-i-o",
   "short": "Distributed I/O connected to a controller over an industrial network.",
   "long": "Input/output modules installed near field devices and linked to a controller over an industrial network. Remote I/O reduces cabinet wiring and can provide diagnostics, isolation, and modular expansion, but network and power design remain critical.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/remote-i-o/",
   "see": [
    "plc",
    "fieldbus",
    "profinet"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "plc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Requested Packet Interval (RPI)",
   "slug": "requested-packet-interval",
   "short": "CIP connection update rate.",
   "long": "How often an EtherNet/IP implicit connection exchanges data (e.g. every 10 ms). Faster RPIs load the network and controllers; set the slowest rate the application tolerates.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/requested-packet-interval/",
   "see": [
    "ethernet-ip",
    "determinism"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "ethernet-ip",
    "industrial-networking"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Retained MQTT message",
   "slug": "retained-message",
   "short": "The latest retained application message stored by a broker for a topic and delivered to matching new subscribers under MQTT rules.",
   "long": "A retained value is not a history archive and does not prove that its source remains connected or fresh. Include source time and stale behavior in the payload contract. Retained-message conventions for telemetry should not be assumed safe for commands. Read [MQTT topic design](/articles/mqtt-topic-design-industrial-data/) and [delivery behavior](/articles/mqtt-qos-retained-sessions-explained/).",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/retained-message/",
   "see": [
    "mqtt",
    "qos",
    "source-timestamp"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "mqtt",
    "iiot"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Rework",
   "slug": "rework",
   "short": "Additional processing of a unit to bring it into the required condition after an initial failure.",
   "long": "Rework can recover final good output while consuming labor, material and constraint capacity. Preserve the original unit identity and first-attempt result so repeat attempts do not inflate production counts. Compare [first pass and rolled throughput yield](/articles/first-pass-yield-vs-rolled-throughput-yield/) when a high final yield hides a costly rework path.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/rework/",
   "see": [
    "first-pass-yield",
    "nonconformance"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing",
    "mes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Robotics",
   "slug": "robotics",
   "short": "Industrial, collaborative, and mobile robots.",
   "long": "Industrial robots (articulated arms, SCARA, delta, gantry), collaborative robots, and mobile robots, plus their controllers, software (increasingly ROS 2-based), and safety systems.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/robotics/",
   "see": [
    "ros",
    "cobot",
    "amr"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "robotics"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Rolled throughput yield",
   "slug": "rolled-throughput-yield",
   "short": "The product of consistent conditional first-pass yields along a defined process route.",
   "long": "For stages with first-pass yields 0.98, 0.95 and 0.97, the product is 0.90307, or 90.307%. Interpret the result only when stage populations and route boundaries are consistent. It is not the arithmetic average of stage percentages or final yield after rework. See the [worked yield guide](/articles/first-pass-yield-vs-rolled-throughput-yield/).",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/rolled-throughput-yield/",
   "see": [
    "first-pass-yield",
    "rework",
    "traceability"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing",
    "mes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Root-cause analysis (RCA)",
   "slug": "root-cause-analysis",
   "short": "Evidence-based investigation of why a problem recurred.",
   "long": "A structured investigation that separates symptoms from underlying causes and verifies why a failure or defect occurred. Useful RCA tests corrective actions against recurrence instead of stopping at operator error or the first plausible explanation.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/root-cause-analysis/",
   "see": [
    "fmea",
    "nonconformance",
    "predictive-maintenance"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "ROS",
   "slug": "ros",
   "short": "Open framework for robot software, now DDS-based.",
   "long": "The Robot Operating System: middleware, drivers, navigation (Nav2), manipulation (MoveIt 2), and simulation for robots. ROS 2 uses DDS transport with QoS, lifecycle nodes, and real-time profiles; ROS-Industrial adapts it to factory robots.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/ros/",
   "see": [
    "dds",
    "robotics",
    "amr"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "robotics"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "RTD",
   "slug": "rtd",
   "short": "Resistance temperature detector.",
   "long": "Temperature sensor whose resistance rises predictably with temperature (Pt100 = 100 \u03a9 at 0 \u00b0C). Accurate and stable; 3- or 4-wire connections cancel lead resistance.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/rtd/",
   "see": [
    "thermocouple",
    "plc"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "process-automation",
    "industrial-hardware"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "RTU",
   "slug": "rtu",
   "short": "Rugged controller for distributed infrastructure assets.",
   "long": "Remote terminal unit: a rugged controller for geographically distributed assets (pipelines, water, utilities), typically speaking DNP3, Modbus, or IEC 60870 and reporting to SCADA over radio, cellular, or serial links.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/rtu/",
   "see": [
    "plc",
    "scada",
    "modbus"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "scada"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Safety instrumented function (SIF)",
   "slug": "safety-instrumented-function",
   "short": "One defined protective action with a target safety integrity.",
   "long": "A safety instrumented function (SIF) is a specific protective action \u2014 for example, high pressure causes a valve to close \u2014 with defined sensors, logic solver, final elements, response time, proof-test strategy, and required SIL.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/safety-instrumented-function/",
   "see": [
    "safety-instrumented-system",
    "sil",
    "iec-61511"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "process-automation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Safety instrumented system (SIS)",
   "slug": "safety-instrumented-system",
   "short": "Independent protective system that detects hazards and trips safely.",
   "long": "A safety instrumented system (SIS) uses sensors, a safety logic solver, and final elements to detect hazardous conditions and drive the process to a safe state. One SIS can implement multiple independent safety instrumented functions.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/safety-instrumented-system/",
   "see": [
    "safety-instrumented-function",
    "iec-61511",
    "sil"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "process-automation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Safety relay",
   "slug": "safety-relay",
   "short": "Safety-rated relay module for small protective circuits.",
   "long": "A safety-rated relay or relay module monitors devices such as emergency stops, guard switches, and light curtains, detects defined faults, and switches outputs with redundant, monitored contacts. It is simpler than a safety PLC for small applications.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/safety-relay/",
   "see": [
    "functional-safety",
    "iso-13849",
    "iec-62061"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "plc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Sample standard deviation",
   "slug": "sample-standard-deviation",
   "short": "A measure of observed spread using squared deviations from the sample mean and an n\u22121 denominator.",
   "long": "Sample standard deviation has the original measurement unit. Calculating it over all entered observations gives an overall sample estimate; it is not automatically a within-subgroup estimate. It also does not establish independence, normality or control. The [sample statistics tool](/tools/sample-statistics-calculator/) shows count, mean, spread and range with an illustrative example.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/sample-standard-deviation/",
   "see": [
    "rational-subgroup",
    "process-capability"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing",
    "industrial-ai"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "SCADA",
   "slug": "scada",
   "short": "Live supervision, alarming, and operator control.",
   "long": "Supervisory control and data acquisition: live visualization, alarming, operator control, and short-term trending over controllers and field devices. Time horizon is now \u2014 seconds to shifts \u2014 with history handed to historians and production context to MES.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/scada/",
   "see": [
    "hmi",
    "historian",
    "mes"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "scada"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Scan time",
   "slug": "scan-time",
   "short": "One PLC read\u2013execute\u2013write cycle.",
   "long": "Time for one PLC scan: sample inputs, execute logic, update outputs, housekeeping. Deterministic scan (bounded max, watchdog-guarded) matters more than raw speed for interlocks.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/scan-time/",
   "see": [
    "plc",
    "watchdog-timer"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "plc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Security information and event management (SIEM)",
   "slug": "siem",
   "short": "Centralized security-log correlation and alerting platform.",
   "long": "Security information and event management: a platform that collects, normalizes, correlates, retains, and alerts on security logs. OT deployments must account for passive collection, low-bandwidth links, long-lived assets, and the meaning of industrial events.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/siem/",
   "see": [
    "ot",
    "industrial-firewall",
    "zones-conduits"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "ot-security"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Sequence of events (SOE)",
   "slug": "sequence-of-events",
   "short": "High-resolution timestamped record of discrete state changes.",
   "long": "SOE records discrete state changes with timestamps taken as close to the source as possible, often at millisecond resolution. It helps reconstruct trips, interlocks, and causal order when ordinary SCADA polling is too slow.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/sequence-of-events/",
   "see": [
    "scada",
    "historian",
    "dnp3"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "scada"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Sequential Function Chart (SFC)",
   "slug": "sequential-function-chart",
   "short": "Step-and-transition PLC language.",
   "long": "IEC 61131-3 language for sequential control: steps hold actions, transitions hold conditions. Ideal for startup sequences, batch phases, and machine state logic.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/sequential-function-chart/",
   "see": [
    "iec-61131-3",
    "isa-88"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "plc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Setpoint (SP)",
   "slug": "setpoint",
   "short": "Desired value for a control loop.",
   "long": "Target a controller drives the process toward \u2014 temperature, pressure, speed. Operators change setpoints; the loop computes output from the error between setpoint and process variable.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/setpoint/",
   "see": [
    "pid-loop",
    "process-variable"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "plc",
    "process-automation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "SIL",
   "slug": "sil",
   "short": "Quantified reliability target for safety functions.",
   "long": "Safety Integrity Level (1\u20134): the quantified reliability target for a safety function per IEC 61508/62061. Higher SIL means lower tolerable probability of dangerous failure \u2014 and stricter development and verification demands.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/sil/",
   "see": [
    "functional-safety",
    "plc"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "plc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Simple payback",
   "slug": "simple-payback",
   "short": "Installed investment divided by positive annual net benefit in an undiscounted constant-benefit model.",
   "long": "Annual net benefit is gross realizable benefit less incremental recurring cost. Zero or negative net benefit has no finite simple payback. The model excludes discounting, taxes, financing, ramp-up and residual value, so it is a screening measure rather than complete investment approval. Try the [automation ROI tool](/tools/automation-roi-calculator/).",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/simple-payback/",
   "see": [
    "contribution-margin"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing",
    "factory-software",
    "robotics"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Site acceptance test (SAT)",
   "slug": "site-acceptance-test",
   "short": "An agreed test of installed equipment and interfaces under the site\u2019s approved conditions.",
   "long": "SAT checks must be tied to project requirements and executed through controlled site procedures. Factory simulation is useful prior evidence but does not replace installed loop and interface checks. Keep safety validation distinct from a general control-system checklist. The [acceptance worksheet](/templates/fat-sat-checklist/) records failures, retests and remaining gaps.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/site-acceptance-test/",
   "see": [
    "factory-acceptance-test",
    "management-of-change"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "plc",
    "industrial-hardware",
    "scada"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Six big losses",
   "slug": "six-big-losses",
   "short": "OEE loss categories.",
   "long": "Availability, performance, and quality losses behind OEE: breakdowns, setup/adjustments, idling/minor stops, reduced speed, defects/rework, and startup rejects. Agree on the mapping before comparing lines.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/six-big-losses/",
   "see": [
    "oee",
    "total-productive-maintenance"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "mes",
    "manufacturing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "SMED",
   "slug": "smed",
   "short": "Single-minute die exchange.",
   "long": "Single-Minute Exchange of Die: method for cutting changeover time by converting internal setup (machine stopped) to external setup (prepared while running). Target: changeovers under ten minutes.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/smed/",
   "see": [
    "changeover",
    "oee"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Soft starter",
   "slug": "soft-starter",
   "short": "Reduced-voltage motor starter.",
   "long": "Ramps motor voltage at start to limit inrush current and mechanical shock, then bypasses to full voltage. Cheaper than a VFD where variable speed is not needed.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/soft-starter/",
   "see": [
    "vfd",
    "motor-control-center"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "industrial-hardware",
    "motion-control"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Source timestamp",
   "slug": "source-timestamp",
   "short": "The time associated with sampling or producing a value at its source.",
   "long": "Source time differs from gateway receipt, broker delivery and archive insertion. Preserve the distinction and define clock synchronization, time representation and stale thresholds. Republishing a cached reading must not invent a new source sample. Include the boundary in the [industrial data contract](/templates/industrial-data-contract/).",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/source-timestamp/",
   "see": [
    "data-contract",
    "historian"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "iiot",
    "opc-ua",
    "mqtt"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Sparkplug B",
   "slug": "sparkplug-b",
   "short": "MQTT namespace + payload + state spec for OT.",
   "long": "The Eclipse specification turning MQTT into a plug-and-play OT fabric: a fixed topic namespace (group/message-type/edge-node/device), protobuf payloads, and birth/death session semantics giving state awareness without polling.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/sparkplug-b/",
   "see": [
    "mqtt",
    "uns",
    "birth-certificate"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "sparkplug-b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Specification limits",
   "slug": "specification-limits",
   "short": "Engineering or customer acceptance boundaries for a product characteristic.",
   "long": "Lower and upper specification limits describe allowable product values. They are requirements, not estimates of current process behavior. Do not replace them with control-chart limits when calculating capability. Record the approved specification revision with the result; the [capability guide](/articles/cp-cpk-pp-ppk-difference/) explains the distinction.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/specification-limits/",
   "see": [
    "control-limits",
    "process-capability"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Split-range control",
   "slug": "split-range-control",
   "short": "One output drives two devices.",
   "long": "Scheme where one controller output spans two final elements \u2014 e.g. 0\u201350% drives heating, 50\u2013100% drives cooling. Standard for temperature control with both utilities.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/split-range-control/",
   "see": [
    "pid-loop",
    "control-loop"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "process-automation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Statistical process control (SPC)",
   "slug": "spc",
   "short": "Statistical monitoring of process variation and stability.",
   "long": "Statistical process control uses control charts and process data to distinguish common-cause variation from special-cause signals. It monitors process stability and capability; it is not simply a final inspection pass/fail test.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/spc/",
   "see": [
    "first-pass-yield",
    "nonconformance",
    "golden-batch"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Store and forward",
   "slug": "store-and-forward",
   "short": "Buffering through outages, replaying on recovery.",
   "long": "Buffering data locally through connectivity outages and replaying it in order on recovery. Implemented in edge gateways, MQTT persistent sessions, and historian collectors; sized by the longest plausible outage.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/store-and-forward/",
   "see": [
    "mqtt",
    "edge-gateway",
    "birth-certificate"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "edge-computing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Structured Text (ST)",
   "slug": "structured-text",
   "short": "Text-based IEC 61131-3 language for PLC logic and algorithms.",
   "long": "IEC 61131-3's Pascal-like, text-based PLC language for expressions, calculations, state machines, data structures, and reusable functions. It is powerful for algorithms, while Ladder and Function Block Diagram often remain clearer for maintenance teams.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/structured-text/",
   "see": [
    "iec-61131-3",
    "plc",
    "plcopen"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "plc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Tag-based addressing",
   "slug": "tag-based-addressing",
   "short": "Named variables vs fixed addresses.",
   "long": "Modern PLC style: symbols like Line1_Mixer_Speed instead of fixed register numbers. Self-documenting and refactorable; gateways map tags to Modbus or OPC UA addresses at the boundary.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/tag-based-addressing/",
   "see": [
    "plc",
    "opc-ua"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "plc",
    "iiot"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Takt time",
   "slug": "takt-time",
   "short": "Required production rhythm set by available time and demand.",
   "long": "The available production time divided by customer demand for that period. Takt is the required rhythm, not the actual cycle time; comparing them reveals capacity gaps, bottlenecks, and balancing opportunities.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/takt-time/",
   "see": [
    "cycle-time",
    "oee",
    "andon-system"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Thermocouple",
   "slug": "thermocouple",
   "short": "Two-metal temperature sensor.",
   "long": "Temperature sensor from joined dissimilar metals producing a millivolt signal (types J, K, T\u2026). Wide range and rugged, but needs cold-junction compensation and is less accurate than RTDs.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/thermocouple/",
   "see": [
    "rtd",
    "plc"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "process-automation",
    "industrial-hardware"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Throughput",
   "slug": "throughput",
   "short": "Good output crossing a defined process boundary per unit of time.",
   "long": "State the product, time period and good-unit boundary with a throughput number. Starts, completed cycles and shipped accepted units are different counts. A local machine speed increase may not increase line throughput if another resource remains the constraint. The [capacity guide](/articles/line-balancing-bottleneck-capacity/) shows a serial-line example.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/throughput/",
   "see": [
    "bottleneck",
    "cycle-time"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing",
    "mes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Topic namespace",
   "slug": "topic-namespace",
   "short": "Governed MQTT topic hierarchy.",
   "long": "The governed topic hierarchy of an MQTT deployment or UNS \u2014 naming conventions, schema rules, and lifecycle management that keep one broker understandable at enterprise scale.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/topic-namespace/",
   "see": [
    "mqtt",
    "uns",
    "sparkplug-b"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "mqtt"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Total productive maintenance (TPM)",
   "slug": "total-productive-maintenance",
   "short": "Operator-involved maintenance system focused on eliminating losses.",
   "long": "TPM is a company-wide maintenance approach that involves operators and specialists in asset care, planned maintenance, focused improvement, training, and loss elimination. It aims for reliable production rather than separating maintenance from operations.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/total-productive-maintenance/",
   "see": [
    "oee",
    "cmms",
    "condition-monitoring"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Traceability",
   "slug": "traceability",
   "short": "Linking products to their materials, process history, and disposition.",
   "long": "The ability to associate a unit, serial number, lot, or batch with its materials, process history, equipment, measurements, operators, and disposition. Traceability can be forward, backward, or both.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/traceability/",
   "see": [
    "lot-traceability",
    "genealogy",
    "mes"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "mes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "TSN",
   "slug": "tsn",
   "short": "Deterministic extensions to standard Ethernet.",
   "long": "Time-Sensitive Networking: IEEE 802.1 standards (time sync, scheduled traffic, preemption, reservation, redundancy) bringing deterministic, converged networking to standard Ethernet. The shared foundation for next-generation PROFINET, EtherNet/IP, and OPC UA FX deployments.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/tsn/",
   "see": [
    "determinism",
    "profinet",
    "ethernet-ip"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "tsn"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Unified namespace",
   "slug": "uns",
   "short": "One broker hierarchy as the enterprise integration point.",
   "long": "Unified namespace: an architecture with a single MQTT broker hierarchy as the enterprise integration point \u2014 producers publish once, consumers subscribe independently. Requires governed topics (usually Sparkplug for OT) and schema discipline.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/uns/",
   "see": [
    "mqtt",
    "sparkplug-b",
    "topic-namespace"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "iiot"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "User-Defined Type (UDT)",
   "slug": "user-defined-type",
   "short": "Custom PLC data structure.",
   "long": "Controller-scoped struct grouping related fields (a drive faceplate's speed, current, status, faults) so one definition serves every instance. The building block of reusable PLC libraries.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/user-defined-type/",
   "see": [
    "plc",
    "tag-based-addressing"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "plc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Velotic",
   "slug": "velotic",
   "short": "Industrial software company: Proficy + Kepware + ThingWorx.",
   "long": "Independent industrial software company (formed 2026) combining the former Proficy (GE Vernova), Kepware, and ThingWorx (PTC) portfolios around industrial connectivity, production management, and analytics.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/velotic/",
   "see": [
    "kepware",
    "historian",
    "mes"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "vendors"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "VFD",
   "slug": "vfd",
   "short": "Drive controlling AC motor speed via output frequency.",
   "long": "Variable-frequency drive (variable-speed drive, inverter): controls AC motor speed and torque by varying output frequency. A major energy-efficiency lever and a common Modbus/EtherNet/IP node.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/vfd/",
   "see": [
    "motion-control",
    "modbus"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "motion-control"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Vibration monitoring",
   "slug": "vibration-monitoring",
   "short": "Vibration-based health monitoring for rotating equipment.",
   "long": "Measuring vibration amplitude and frequency content on rotating or reciprocating equipment to identify imbalance, misalignment, looseness, bearing defects, resonance, or gear problems. Sensor placement and operating speed affect interpretation.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/vibration-monitoring/",
   "see": [
    "condition-monitoring",
    "predictive-maintenance",
    "asset-performance-management"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "factory-software"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Watchdog timer",
   "slug": "watchdog-timer",
   "short": "Fault timer that trips on overrun.",
   "long": "Hardware or firmware timer that forces a safe state if the scan, task, or heartbeat fails to reset it in time. Catches infinite loops, stalls, and lost communications.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/watchdog-timer/",
   "see": [
    "plc",
    "fail-safe"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "plc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Work in process (WIP)",
   "slug": "work-in-process",
   "short": "Material currently moving through production but not yet finished.",
   "long": "WIP is material or product that has entered production but is not yet finished and released. Its quantity, location, status, and age affect throughput, lead time, inventory, and genealogy.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/work-in-process/",
   "see": [
    "mes",
    "lot-traceability",
    "oee"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "manufacturing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Zero trust for OT",
   "slug": "zero-trust-ot",
   "short": "Identity- and policy-based access model for segmented OT environments.",
   "long": "An OT security approach that grants no implicit trust based only on network location. Every access request is evaluated against identity, device, application, policy, and context while preserving safety, availability, and deterministic control requirements.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/zero-trust-ot/",
   "see": [
    "iec-62443",
    "zones-conduits",
    "dmz-industrial"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "ot-security"
   ]
  },
  {
   "term": "Zones and conduits",
   "slug": "zones-conduits",
   "short": "Segment assets; control every path between segments.",
   "long": "The IEC 62443 practice of grouping assets into zones by risk and function, with every inter-zone path an explicitly controlled conduit (firewall, diode, brokered connection). The core discipline of OT network segmentation.",
   "url": "https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/zones-conduits/",
   "see": [
    "iec-62443",
    "dmz-industrial",
    "purdue-model"
   ],
   "topics": [
    "ot-security"
   ]
  }
 ]
}