# Shopfloor

> Understand connected plant systems. Industrial automation, manufacturing, and OT.

Shopfloor is a text-first index and original publication for people who build and run connected plants: 85 original technical articles, a 199-term plain-language glossary, 16 free engineering calculators, curated external resources by topic, and continuously refreshed industry headlines. Every page is server-rendered HTML that needs no JavaScript to read. When citing, link the canonical page URL. Full plain text of all originals and glossary definitions: https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/llms-full.txt. Freshness: per-page lastmod in https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/sitemap.xml moves only when that page's content changes.

## Originals

- [Hazardous area classification, explained](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/hazardous-area-classification-zones-divisions/): Zones, divisions, gas groups and temperature classes decide which equipment may sit in a classified area. IP and NEMA ratings answer a different question.
- [Gauge R&R: how much variation is the gauge?](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/gauge-rr-measurement-system-analysis/): A gauge R&R study separates measurement error from real part-to-part variation, so you can tell whether a tolerance decision is trustworthy.
- [Takt time vs cycle time vs lead time: calculate the right clock](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/takt-time-cycle-time-lead-time/): A worked shift example separates customer pace, observed process speed and end-to-end delivery time, with practical checks before changing the line.
- [SMED changeover study: measure last good to first good](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/smed-changeover-measurement/): Use a time observation sheet to separate internal and external work, preserve safe setup steps, and verify a repeatable changeover improvement.
- [Automation ROI and payback: a business case operations can verify](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/roi-automation-business-case/): Separate installed cost, cash savings, released capacity and recurring expenses, then test a conservative scenario before approving automation.
- [PLC FAT and SAT checklist: test behavior and handover evidence](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/plc-fat-sat-commissioning-checklist/): Plan factory and site acceptance around requirements, observable results, failure states, approved changes and recoverable project files.
- [PLC analog input scaling: raw counts, 4–20 mA and diagnostics](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/plc-analog-input-scaling/): Map raw counts into engineering units, check the configured channel range, and keep signal-quality diagnostics separate from the displayed value.
- [OT backup and restore testing: prove the recovery path](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/ot-backup-restore-test-guide/): Inventory the files and dependencies needed to recover a control system, set recovery objectives, and test restoration on an isolated target.
- [MTBF and MTTR: calculate availability without hiding downtime](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/mtbf-mttr-availability-calculation/): A maintenance example explains operating-time denominators, repair boundaries, unfinished events and why MTBF is not an equipment lifetime.
- [Industrial MQTT topic design: names, payloads and data contracts](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/mqtt-topic-design-industrial-data/): Design a stable telemetry namespace with identity, timestamps, units, quality and schema ownership before connecting dashboards and consumers.
- [Motor kW, current, efficiency and power factor: keep the quantities straight](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/motor-power-current-efficiency/): A three-phase example distinguishes shaft output, real input power, apparent power and running current, with the limits of a simple estimate.
- [Modbus polling and timeout budget: calculate the slow path](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/modbus-polling-timeout-budget/): Estimate serial transaction time, include silent intervals and device response, and prevent offline devices from consuming the entire polling cycle.
- [Line balancing and bottleneck capacity: work from the constraint](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/line-balancing-bottleneck-capacity/): Estimate serial-line capacity, distinguish parallel lanes from stations, and use a small observation study before adding automation.
- [Historian sampling and deadband: budget storage without losing events](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/historian-deadband-sampling-storage/): Estimate raw historian volume, distinguish acquisition from storage filtering, and validate compression against the signals and events that matter.
- [First pass yield vs rolled throughput yield: expose the rework path](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/first-pass-yield-vs-rolled-throughput-yield/): Calculate stage yield and cumulative first-time success, keep rework visible, and avoid averaging percentages across incompatible populations.
- [Downtime Pareto and reason codes: make the stop log useful](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/downtime-pareto-reason-codes/): Design a small reason-code tree, separate frequency from duration, reconcile overlapping events, and attach cost assumptions to the constraint.
- [Cp vs Cpk vs Pp vs Ppk: choose the right variation estimate](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/cp-cpk-pp-ppk-difference/): Worked capability examples explain centering, within-subgroup versus overall spread, and the checks needed before interpreting an index.
- [Compressed air leak cost: turn flow estimates into verified savings](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/compressed-air-leak-cost/): Calculate a leak energy equivalent, keep free-air reference conditions consistent, and check compressor response before promising a saving.
- [Vibration condition monitoring: from sensor placement to fault frequencies](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/vibration-condition-monitoring-guide/): A practical guide to vibration monitoring — accelerometers, mounting, ISO 10816 zones, envelope analysis, and the fault frequencies that name the failure.
- [Statistical process control: control charts that catch drift early](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/spc-statistical-process-control-guide/): Apply SPC where it works — control chart selection, rational subgrouping, capability indices, and the reaction plans that turn charts into control.
- [Single-pair Ethernet and APL: two wires to the field instrument](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/single-pair-ethernet-apl-guide/): How Single-Pair Ethernet and Ethernet-APL bring power and 10 Mbit/s Ethernet to hazardous-area field devices — and what changes in process design.
- [SECS/GEM: the protocol stack that runs semiconductor fabs](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/secs-gem-semiconductor-equipment/): How SECS messages, GEM state machines, and HSMS transport connect fab equipment to MES — and what to demand in equipment acceptance.
- [SCADA architecture: a design guide from field to control room](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/scada-architecture-design-guide/): Design SCADA systems that scale — field layer, communications, servers, redundancy, and alarming — without painting the project into a corner.
- [RTD vs thermocouple: choosing industrial temperature sensing](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/rtd-vs-thermocouple-guide/): Compare RTDs and thermocouples on accuracy, range, speed, and wiring — plus when to use thermistors, IR, or fiber-optic sensing instead.
- [PROFINET vs EtherNet/IP vs EtherCAT: a selection guide](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/profinet-vs-ethernet-ip-vs-ethercat/): Compare PROFINET, EtherNet/IP, and EtherCAT on synchronization, cycle time, topology, tooling, and ecosystem — and pick the protocol your plant can live with.
- [PLC vs PAC vs soft PLC: which controller fits the job](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/plc-vs-pac-vs-soft-plc/): Compare PLCs, PACs, and software PLCs on determinism, I/O, tooling, and cost — plus when an IPC or edge controller is the better answer.
- [OT incident response: a ransomware playbook for plants that can't just stop](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/ot-incident-response-playbook/): Build an OT incident response plan that respects process safety — roles, containment without shutdowns, backups that restore, and tested playbooks.
- [MES software selection: requirements that survive go-live](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/mes-software-selection-guide/): Select manufacturing execution software that lasts — shop-floor requirements, integration ownership, vendor evaluation, and pilot criteria that predict success.
- [IO-Link explained: smart sensors without the fieldbus price](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/io-link-explained-smart-sensors/): What IO-Link adds to ordinary discrete sensors — remote configuration, diagnostics, and identification over standard 3-wire cable — and how to plan a rollout.
- [Industrial wireless: Wi-Fi 6, private 5G, and LoRa compared](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/industrial-wireless-guide/): Choose industrial wireless by requirements — Wi-Fi 6 for bandwidth, private 5G for mobility and determinism, LoRa and WirelessHART for sensors.
- [Industrial flowmeters: selecting across magnetic, Coriolis, ultrasonic, and DP](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/industrial-flowmeter-selection-guide/): How to select industrial flowmeters — mag, Coriolis, ultrasonic, vortex, and DP — by fluid, accuracy needs, and total installed cost.
- [IEC 61850: substation automation beyond hardwired interlocks](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/iec-61850-substation-automation/): GOOSE messaging, sampled values, and SCL engineering — what IEC 61850 changes in substations and how to plan a migration from legacy RTUs.
- [High-performance HMI: the ISA-101 approach operators trust](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/high-performance-hmi-isa-101/): Design HMIs operators can read at a glance — grayscale abnormality display, information hierarchy, and navigation that follows ISA-101.
- [HART protocol explained: smart instruments on 4-20 mA wiring](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/hart-protocol-explained/): How the HART protocol overlays digital diagnostics on analog current loops, what DD files do, and when to migrate to HART-IP or Ethernet-APL.
- [EtherCAT explained: on-the-fly frames and sub-microsecond synchronization](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/ethercat-explained-distributed-clocks/): How EtherCAT processes Ethernet frames on the fly, why distributed clocks matter for motion control, and when to choose it over PROFINET or EtherNet/IP.
- [Control valve sizing: Cv, trim, and the mistakes that hunt loops](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/control-valve-sizing-guide/): Size control valves that regulate instead of oscillate — Cv calculation, rangeability, trim choice, and the oversizing trap behind hunting loops.
- [Collaborative robots: selecting and deploying cobots that pay back](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/cobot-selection-deployment-guide/): Select and deploy collaborative robots with realistic payback — risk assessment, end-effectors, application fit, and integration costs beyond the arm.
- [CMMS implementation: getting maintenance data worth trusting](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/cmms-implementation-guide/): Implement a CMMS that technicians actually use — asset hierarchy, PM optimization, work-order discipline, spares, and KPIs that drive decisions.
- [VFD selection and harmonics: what to get right before the drive arrives](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/vfd-selection-harmonics-basics/): Sizing, bypass, braking, cable, and the harmonic distortion that variable-frequency drives push back onto your plant power.
- [Track and trace basics: serialization, aggregation, and genealogy](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/track-and-trace-serialization-basics/): Lot traceability vs unit serialization, parent-child aggregation, and the MES data model that makes recalls survivable.
- [PROFIBUS to PROFINET migration without stopping the plant](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/profibus-to-profinet-migration/): Gateways, proxies, cable reuse, GSD-to-GSDML transitions, and a cutover sequence that keeps brownfield I/O alive.
- [Plant energy management basics: metering, baselines, and ISO 50001](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/plant-energy-management-basics/): Where industrial energy actually goes, how to meter it so the data is trustworthy, and how ISO 50001 turns projects into persistent savings.
- [PID loop tuning: a field guide for process engineers](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/pid-loop-tuning-field-guide/): P, I, and D in plain language — manual tuning, Ziegler–Nichols, lambda, and the anti-windup and filtering details that decide whether a loop behaves.
- [EtherNet/IP and CIP messaging: explicit vs implicit, RPI, and assemblies](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/ethernet-ip-cip-messaging-explained/): How the Common Industrial Protocol really moves data — connected and unconnected messaging, produced/consumed tags, and sizing connection loads.
- [Control panel design basics: layout, wiring, and what inspectors check](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/control-panel-design-basics/): Thermal budgets, segregation, wire sizing, labeling, and the UL 508A / IEC 61439 details that separate a clean panel from a liability.
- [Additive manufacturing on the factory floor: where 3D printing earns its keep](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/additive-manufacturing-factory-basics/): Powder bed, binder jetting, DED, and FDM in production — jigs, spares, tooling, and the quality controls that make printed parts trustworthy.
- [Semiconductor fab automation: the data path from lot to tool](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/semiconductor-fab-automation-data/): A plain-language map of lots, FOUPs, AMHS, equipment interfaces, MES, and process data in high-mix, high-discipline semiconductor manufacturing.
- [Safety instrumented systems: the boundary between control and protection](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/safety-instrumented-system-basics/): Basic SIS and SIF concepts, independence, SIL targets, proof testing, bypasses, and the questions to answer before connecting safety to a control system.
- [Robot cell safety basics: from hazard list to validated mode](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/robot-cell-safety-basics/): A practical sequence for robot-cell risk assessment, safeguarding, operating modes, safety functions, and commissioning without confusing speed with safety.
- [ISA-88 recipe management: keep process intent separate from equipment logic](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/recipe-management-isa-88-basics/): Procedures, parameters, equipment phases, versions, and approvals explained for batch systems that need repeatability without hard-coding every product into the controller.
- [Predictive maintenance starts with signal quality](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/predictive-maintenance-signal-quality/): Sampling, timestamps, operating context, labels, and work-order feedback matter more than choosing a sophisticated model too early.
- [PLC scan cycle: what actually happens every millisecond](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/plc-scan-cycle-explained/): Inputs, logic, outputs, watchdogs, and the timing choices that decide whether a PLC program is predictable or merely fast on a good day.
- [OPC UA security: a practical model for certificates, users, and trust](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/opc-ua-security-model-practical/): A field guide to OPC UA application identity, encrypted channels, user authentication, trust lists, and the operational work that keeps them healthy.
- [OEE loss trees: make availability, performance, and quality actionable](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/oee-loss-tree-explained/): Why one OEE percentage is not a diagnosis, and how a loss tree turns downtime, speed loss, and defects into work the plant can actually prioritize.
- [MES versus ERP integration: a practical ownership checklist](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/mes-vs-erp-integration-checklist/): Decide which system owns orders, materials, quality, genealogy, and production results before building another fragile interface between the business and the plant.
- [Machine vision lighting and lenses: the variables that decide inspection](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/machine-vision-lighting-lens-guide/): A factory-floor guide to field of view, working distance, contrast, light geometry, exposure, and the validation discipline behind reliable vision.
- [Industrial time synchronization: NTP, PTP, and TSN in context](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/industrial-time-synchronization-guide/): Why accurate clocks matter for motion, sequence-of-events, historians, and incident response—and how to choose the least complex design that works.
- [Industrial MQTT gateway checklist for a brownfield plant](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/industrial-mqtt-gateway-checklist/): The decisions that matter before an MQTT edge gateway leaves the lab: protocol drivers, buffering, namespaces, quality, security, and ownership.
- [Industrial AI pilot checklist: from promising demo to useful shift tool](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/industrial-ai-pilot-checklist/): Choose the decision, build a baseline, validate data and labels, design the human workflow, and measure whether the pilot changes plant outcomes.
- [HMI alarm design principles that operators can use](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/hmi-alarm-design-principles/): Alarm rationalization, priorities, deadbands, shelving, and high-performance graphics for HMIs that support decisions instead of creating noise.
- [Industrial historian tag naming: a guide that survives the next integration](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/historian-tag-naming-guide/): Asset hierarchy, units, quality, timestamps, metadata, and versioning patterns for process data that engineers can still understand years later.
- [Edge versus cloud analytics in industrial operations](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/edge-vs-cloud-industrial-analytics/): Use latency, availability, bandwidth, data gravity, and governance to decide which analytics belong beside the machine and which can travel farther.
- [Digital twin versus digital shadow: choose the decision first](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/digital-twin-vs-digital-shadow/): The difference between a live model and a one-way data representation, with practical tests for deciding whether a twin will improve an industrial decision.
- [Choosing an industrial network topology](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/choosing-industrial-network-topology/): Star, line, ring, and redundant designs explained through failure modes, commissioning effort, latency, and the maintenance team’s real needs.
- [CANopen and industrial fieldbus: where the object model fits](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/canopen-vs-fieldbus/): A practical introduction to CAN frames, CANopen objects, PDOs, SDOs, network management, and the motion-control decisions behind a deployment.
- [Building a brownfield OT asset inventory without stopping production](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/brownfield-ot-asset-inventory/): A safe sequence for discovering controllers, networks, software, owners, and business criticality when the plant’s documentation is incomplete.
- [The unified namespace, explained](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/unified-namespace-explained/): One broker, one topic tree, every producer and consumer decoupled. What a UNS is, what it demands, and where it goes wrong.
- [Time-Sensitive Networking: a primer for automation engineers](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/tsn-primer-converged-ethernet/): Scheduled traffic, preemption, and time sync on standard Ethernet — what TSN guarantees, what it still needs, and where it meets the fieldbus.
- [Sparkplug B in one page](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/sparkplug-b-in-one-page/): The topic namespace, birth certificates, and state awareness that turn MQTT from a transport into a plug-and-play OT data fabric.
- [SCADA, MES, and historian: where each one ends](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/scada-mes-historian-where-each-ends/): Three systems that all "collect plant data" but answer different questions. Boundaries, handoffs, and how to stop buying two of them for one job.
- [ROS 2 in industrial robotics: where it fits](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/ros-2-industrial-robotics/): DDS middleware, real-time profiles, and the ROS-Industrial consortium — a controls engineer's map of the Robot Operating System.
- [The predictive maintenance data stack, end to end](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/predictive-maintenance-data-stack/): From vibration sensor to work order: sensing, transport, context, models, and the analytics layer where predictions become decisions.
- [OT zones and conduits: segmentation that follows IEC 62443](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/ot-zones-conduits-iec-62443/): How to divide a plant network into zones, control what crosses between them, and why flat OT networks keep making incident reports.
- [OPC UA, MQTT, and Sparkplug B: how they fit together](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/opc-ua-mqtt-sparkplug-how-they-fit/): Three technologies that get compared as rivals but usually work as layers. What each one owns, and how to stop choosing between them.
- [OPC UA companion specifications: a guided tour](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/opc-ua-companion-specs-guide/): The base standard models anything; companion specs model your industry. How to find, read, and actually use them.
- [MTConnect: getting data off the machine tool](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/mtconnect-cnc-connectivity/): Adapters, agents, and streams — how the open machine-tool connectivity standard works and where it fits beside OPC UA.
- [MQTT QoS, retained messages, and sessions, explained](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/mqtt-qos-retained-sessions-explained/): The three MQTT features that decide whether your telemetry is lossy, stale, or exactly-once — and when each setting is correct.
- [Modbus RTU vs Modbus TCP: a practical guide](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/modbus-rtu-vs-tcp-practical-guide/): The world's most common industrial protocol in its two dominant forms — framing, addressing, gateways, and the mistakes that break integrations.
- [Machine vision on the factory floor: the basics that decide projects](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/machine-vision-factory-basics/): Optics, lighting, and pass/fail discipline matter more than the algorithm. A practical map of inspection, guidance, and identification.
- [ISA-95 levels, explained without the diagram worship](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/isa-95-levels-explained/): What levels 0–4 actually mean for MES integration, B2MML exchanges, and conversations between IT and operations.
- [A field guide to industrial Ethernet](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/industrial-ethernet-field-guide/): PROFINET, EtherNet/IP, EtherCAT, and TSN serve different masters. What each was designed for and how to tell them apart.
- [IEC 61131-3 PLC languages: which one to use](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/iec-61131-3-plc-languages-guide/): Ladder, function block, structured text, and the rest — what each of the five languages is good at and how shops actually mix them.
- [Edge gateway patterns for brownfield connectivity](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/edge-gateway-patterns-connectivity/): Protocol conversion, buffering, and context at the edge — the four gateway patterns that connect legacy equipment to modern platforms.
- [DCS, explained through ABB 800xA and Freelance](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/dcs-explained-abb-800xa-freelance/): What distributed control is, how the two ABB flagships differ, and when a DCS beats a PLC/SCADA stack.
- [AMR vs AGV: what the letters actually decide](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/articles/amr-vs-agv-difference/): Fixed paths versus autonomous navigation — capabilities, fleet management, safety, and which one your material flow needs.

## Learning paths and worksheets
- [Industrial automation fundamentals](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/learn/automation-fundamentals/): A practical reading sequence from factory layers to PLC behavior, operator interfaces and a documented commissioning exercise.
- [Industrial data connectivity: from register to consumer](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/learn/industrial-data-connectivity/): Build a trustworthy data path through Modbus, OPC UA, MQTT, Sparkplug and historian storage, with explicit identity and quality.
- [Manufacturing performance: pace, losses and quality](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/learn/manufacturing-performance/): Work from demand and the line constraint to OEE, downtime, changeovers, capability and a realistic improvement case.
- [OT reliability and security: inventory, segment and recover](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/learn/ot-reliability-security/): Connect asset ownership, network boundaries, backup evidence and incident response into a practical recovery plan.
- [Process instrumentation: signal, measurement and control](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/learn/process-instrumentation/): Follow a measurement from sensor selection through loop scaling, diagnostics, control behavior and acceptance evidence.
- [OT backup & restore test template](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/templates/backup-restore-test/): A CSV exercise record for backup identity, recovery objectives, isolated target, elapsed time, validation and unresolved gaps.
- [Downtime log template](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/templates/downtime-log/): A CSV event log with stop boundaries, symptom, confirmed cause, owner and verification fields.
- [PLC FAT & SAT checklist template](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/templates/fat-sat-checklist/): A CSV acceptance record linking requirements to preconditions, expected behavior, evidence, defects and retests.
- [Industrial data contract template](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/templates/industrial-data-contract/): A CSV signal contract for asset identity, source, datatype, units, timestamp, quality, stale behavior and schema revision.
- [OT asset inventory template](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/templates/ot-asset-inventory/): A CSV inventory for process role, owner, network zone, installed revision, dependencies and backup responsibility.
- [SMED changeover observation template](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/templates/smed-observation/): A CSV time-study sheet for internal and external setup, concurrent work, safe preparation and verification.

## Sections
- [Learning paths](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/learn/)
- [CSV worksheets](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/templates/)
- [Comparisons](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/comparisons/)
- [Editorial policy and calculation methods](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/editorial-policy/)
- [Fresh headlines](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/fresh/) (JSON: https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/fresh/?format=json)
- [Index](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/links/)
- [Topics](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/topics/)
- [Glossary](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary/) (JSON: https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/glossary.json)
- [Search](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/search/) (server-rendered; index: https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/search.json)
- [About](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/about/)
- [Books](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/books/)

## Tools
- [4–20 mA loop scaling](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/tools/ma-loop-scaling/): Convert between 4–20 mA, percent of span, and engineering units — both directions, with a loop check table.
- [Modbus RTU CRC & frame helper](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/tools/modbus-crc-frame/): Compute Modbus RTU CRC-16, append it to a frame, and convert between register numbers and protocol addresses.
- [Modbus register decoder & byte-order check](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/tools/modbus-register-decoder/): Decode two Modbus registers as float32, int32 and uint32 in all four byte orders (ABCD, CDAB, BADC, DCBA), test each against known readings, and print the comparison card.
- [OEE calculator](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/tools/oee-calculator/): Availability × performance × quality from your shift numbers, with the six big losses mapped to each factor.
- [Subnet calculator](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/tools/subnet-calculator/): IPv4 network, broadcast, host range, and mask conversions for OT cells and machine networks.
- [Engineering unit converter](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/tools/unit-converter/): Pressure, temperature, flow, level, and length conversions in the units actually used on the plant floor.
- [Takt time calculator](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/tools/takt-time-calculator/): Calculate demand pace from net production time, compare it with observed cycle time, and see the required hourly rate.
- [Production capacity calculator](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/tools/production-capacity-calculator/): Estimate theoretical output and expected good units from cycle time, parallel lanes, availability and yield.
- [MTBF, MTTR & availability calculator](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/tools/mtbf-mttr-calculator/): Calculate operating hours between failures, average repair time, and repair-based availability from one consistent event window.
- [Cp, Cpk, Pp & Ppk calculator](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/tools/process-capability-calculator/): Calculate two-sided capability or performance indices from specification limits, mean and an explicitly selected variation estimate.
- [Sample mean & standard deviation calculator](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/tools/sample-statistics-calculator/): Summarize 2–500 measurements with mean, sample standard deviation, minimum, maximum and range.
- [Downtime cost calculator](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/tools/downtime-cost-calculator/): Estimate contribution at risk from a production stop, with separate restart, scrap and overtime costs.
- [Industrial energy cost calculator](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/tools/energy-cost-calculator/): Estimate annual kWh, energy charges and assumed savings from electrical power, operating schedule and tariff.
- [Motor running current calculator](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/tools/motor-current-calculator/): Estimate single-phase or balanced three-phase AC running current from shaft kW, voltage, efficiency and power factor.
- [Compressed air leak cost calculator](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/tools/compressed-air-leak-calculator/): Estimate the annual energy equivalent of a leak from free-air flow, measured specific power, pressurized hours and tariff.
- [Automation ROI & payback calculator](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/tools/automation-roi-calculator/): Build a simple undiscounted business case with installed investment, realizable annual benefit, recurring cost and a chosen horizon.

## Feeds
- [RSS](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/feed.xml)
- [JSON Feed](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/feed.json)
- [Originals RSS](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/feed-originals.xml)
- [Originals JSON](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/feed-originals.json)
- [Topic graph](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/graph.json)
- [Sitemap index](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/sitemap.xml)
- [Full text for LLMs](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/llms-full.txt)
- [API catalog](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/.well-known/api-catalog)

## Recommended reading
- [Understanding the Shop Floor](https://theknowledgeproject.gumroad.com/l/shopfloor?wanted=true): Ebook, 76 pages. Explains how factories actually work: production flow, machines, PLCs, SCADA, industrial protocols, MES and ERP, OEE and downtime, maintenance, quality, lean, safety, IT/OT, and Industry 4.0. Twenty chapters grounded in real standards, with vocabulary boxes and 31 references.
- [How to Remain Valuable When Intelligence Becomes Cheap](https://theknowledgeproject.gumroad.com/l/remainvaluable): Ebook, 224 pages. A practical book about the scarce human, economic, and strategic advantages that remain valuable even when AI/AGI can perform most cognitive work. Written for people who build and run real systems.
- [About the books](https://shopfloorspace.yunusemrevurgun.com/books/)

## Crawl notes
- No JavaScript required to read any page. The Modbus register decoder computes in the browser; its explanation and worked example are static HTML. Beacons: /ping.php is a 1px image; crawlers may skip it.
- Contact/maintainer: https://yunusemrevurgun.com/