High-performance HMI: the ISA-101 approach operators trust
Design HMIs operators can read at a glance — grayscale abnormality display, information hierarchy, and navigation that follows ISA-101.
Setpoint (SP)
Desired value for a control loop.
Target a controller drives the process toward — temperature, pressure, speed. Operators change setpoints; the loop computes output from the error between setpoint and process variable.
See also: PID loop · Process Variable (PV)
Use the concept: 4–20 mA loop scaling · Process instrumentation: signal, measurement and control · Compressed air leak cost calculator
In depth
PID loop tuning: a field guide for process engineers
P, I, and D in plain language — manual tuning, Ziegler–Nichols, lambda, and the anti-windup and filtering details that decide whether a loop behaves.
Safety instrumented systems: the boundary between control and protection
Basic SIS and SIF concepts, independence, SIL targets, proof testing, bypasses, and the questions to answer before connecting safety to a control system.