SCADA architecture: a design guide from field to control room
Design SCADA systems that scale — field layer, communications, servers, redundancy, and alarming — without painting the project into a corner.
Redundancy
Duplicate or alternate capacity that tolerates a single failure.
Using duplicate or alternate components, paths, or services so one failure does not stop the required function. OT redundancy must consider common-cause failures, switchover behavior, synchronization, testing, and the process safe state.
See also: DCS · EtherCAT · Functional safety
Use the concept: Subnet calculator · Modbus RTU CRC & frame helper · Modbus register decoder & byte-order check
In depth
IEC 61850: substation automation beyond hardwired interlocks
GOOSE messaging, sampled values, and SCL engineering — what IEC 61850 changes in substations and how to plan a migration from legacy RTUs.
EtherCAT explained: on-the-fly frames and sub-microsecond synchronization
How EtherCAT processes Ethernet frames on the fly, why distributed clocks matter for motion control, and when to choose it over PROFINET or EtherNet/IP.