Hazardous area classification, explained
Zones, divisions, gas groups and temperature classes decide which equipment may sit in a classified area. IP and NEMA ratings answer a different question.
Continuous process
Uninterrupted production (refining, chemical, power).
Production that runs without interruption — refining, chemicals, paper, power — where steady-state control, advanced process control, and uptime dominate. Typically DCS-controlled.
See also: Batch process · DCS
Use the concept: 4–20 mA loop scaling · Compressed air leak cost calculator · Engineering unit converter
In depth
PLC analog input scaling: raw counts, 4–20 mA and diagnostics
Map raw counts into engineering units, check the configured channel range, and keep signal-quality diagnostics separate from the displayed value.
Compressed air leak cost: turn flow estimates into verified savings
Calculate a leak energy equivalent, keep free-air reference conditions consistent, and check compressor response before promising a saving.