Single-pair Ethernet and APL: two wires to the field instrument
How Single-Pair Ethernet and Ethernet-APL bring power and 10 Mbit/s Ethernet to hazardous-area field devices — and what changes in process design.
OPC UA
Industrial interoperability framework: modeling, PubSub, security.
OPC Unified Architecture: a platform-independent interoperability framework with an extensible information model, client/server services, alarms, historical access, PubSub, and built-in X.509 security. Companion specifications extend it into industries from robotics to process automation.
See also: Companion specification · Information model · MQTT
Use the concept: Industrial data connectivity: from register to consumer · Industrial data contract template
In depth
SCADA architecture: a design guide from field to control room
Design SCADA systems that scale — field layer, communications, servers, redundancy, and alarming — without painting the project into a corner.
PROFINET vs EtherNet/IP vs EtherCAT: a selection guide
Compare PROFINET, EtherNet/IP, and EtherCAT on synchronization, cycle time, topology, tooling, and ecosystem — and pick the protocol your plant can live with.