PLC FAT and SAT checklist: test behavior and handover evidence
Plan factory and site acceptance around requirements, observable results, failure states, approved changes and recoverable project files.
ISO 13849
Machinery safety-control methodology based on Performance Level.
ISO 13849-1 provides a methodology for designing safety-related parts of control systems and rating their achieved Performance Level (PL a–e). It considers architecture, diagnostics, component reliability, and common-cause failure.
See also: Functional safety · Safety relay · SIL
Use the concept: 4–20 mA loop scaling · Industrial automation fundamentals · Modbus RTU CRC & frame helper
In depth
PLC analog input scaling: raw counts, 4–20 mA and diagnostics
Map raw counts into engineering units, check the configured channel range, and keep signal-quality diagnostics separate from the displayed value.
OT backup and restore testing: prove the recovery path
Inventory the files and dependencies needed to recover a control system, set recovery objectives, and test restoration on an isolated target.